pgsql: Fix self-referencing foreign keys with partitioned tables

Fix self-referencing foreign keys with partitioned tables

There are a number of bugs in this area. Two of them are fixed here,
namely:
1. get_relation_idx_constraint_oid does not restrict the type of
constraint that's returned, so with sufficient bad luck it can
return the OID of a foreign key constraint. This has the effect that
a primary key in a partition can end up as a child of a foreign key,
which makes no sense (it needs to be the child of the equivalent
primary key.)
Change the API contract so that only index-backed constraints are
returned, mimicking get_constraint_index().

2. Both CloneFkReferenced and CloneFkReferencing clone a
self-referencing foreign key, so the partition ends up with
a duplicate foreign key. Change the former function to ignore such
constraints.

Add some tests to verify that things are better now. (However, these
new tests show some additional misbehavior that will be fixed later --
namely that there's a constraint marked NOT VALID.)

Backpatch to 12, where these constraints are possible at all.

Author: Jehan-Guillaume de Rorthais <jgdr(at)dalibo(dot)com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20220603154232.1715b14c@karst

Branch
------
REL_14_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/483d26930b4c804cecb9b074021244bd4b1c8499

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/catalog/pg_constraint.c | 13 ++++-
src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c | 13 +++++
src/test/regress/expected/foreign_key.out | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/foreign_key.sql | 55 +++++++++++++++++++++
4 files changed, 161 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)