*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c,v 1.247 2005/04/19 22:35:14 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/nodes/outfuncs.c,v 1.248 2005/04/21 02:28:01 tgl Exp $
*
* NOTES
* Every node type that can appear in stored rules' parsetrees *must*
WRITE_NODE_FIELD(indexquals);
WRITE_BOOL_FIELD(isjoininner);
WRITE_ENUM_FIELD(indexscandir, ScanDirection);
+ WRITE_FLOAT_FIELD(indextotalcost, "%.2f");
+ WRITE_FLOAT_FIELD(indexselectivity, "%.4f");
WRITE_FLOAT_FIELD(rows, "%.0f");
}
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
* IDENTIFICATION
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/costsize.c,v 1.142 2005/04/19 22:35:15 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/costsize.c,v 1.143 2005/04/21 02:28:01 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
static bool cost_qual_eval_walker(Node *node, QualCost *total);
+static Selectivity cost_bitmap_qual(Node *bitmapqual, Cost *totalCost);
static Selectivity approx_selectivity(Query *root, List *quals,
JoinType jointype);
static Selectivity join_in_selectivity(JoinPath *path, Query *root);
if (nrows < 1.0)
nrows = 1.0;
else
- nrows = ceil(nrows);
+ nrows = rint(nrows);
return nrows;
}
* 'is_injoin' is T if we are considering using the index scan as the inside
* of a nestloop join (hence, some of the indexQuals are join clauses)
*
+ * cost_index() takes an IndexPath not just a Path, because it sets a few
+ * additional fields of the IndexPath besides startup_cost and total_cost.
+ * These fields are needed if the IndexPath is used in a BitmapIndexScan.
+ *
* NOTE: 'indexQuals' must contain only clauses usable as index restrictions.
* Any additional quals evaluated as qpquals may reduce the number of returned
* tuples, but they won't reduce the number of tuples we have to fetch from
* it was a list of bare clause expressions.
*/
void
-cost_index(Path *path, Query *root,
+cost_index(IndexPath *path, Query *root,
IndexOptInfo *index,
List *indexQuals,
bool is_injoin)
PointerGetDatum(&indexSelectivity),
PointerGetDatum(&indexCorrelation));
+ /*
+ * Save amcostestimate's results for possible use by cost_bitmap_scan.
+ * We don't bother to save indexStartupCost or indexCorrelation, because
+ * a bitmap scan doesn't care about either.
+ */
+ path->indextotalcost = indexTotalCost;
+ path->indexselectivity = indexSelectivity;
+
/* all costs for touching index itself included here */
startup_cost += indexStartupCost;
run_cost += indexTotalCost - indexStartupCost;
run_cost += cpu_per_tuple * tuples_fetched;
- path->startup_cost = startup_cost;
- path->total_cost = startup_cost + run_cost;
+ path->path.startup_cost = startup_cost;
+ path->path.total_cost = startup_cost + run_cost;
}
/*
{
Cost startup_cost = 0;
Cost run_cost = 0;
+ Cost indexTotalCost;
+ Selectivity indexSelectivity;
+ Cost cpu_per_tuple;
+ Cost cost_per_page;
+ double tuples_fetched;
+ double pages_fetched;
+ double T;
/* Should only be applied to base relations */
Assert(IsA(baserel, RelOptInfo));
Assert(baserel->relid > 0);
Assert(baserel->rtekind == RTE_RELATION);
- /* XXX lots to do here */
- run_cost += 10;
+ if (!enable_indexscan) /* XXX use a separate enable flag? */
+ startup_cost += disable_cost;
+
+ /*
+ * Estimate total cost of obtaining the bitmap, as well as its total
+ * selectivity.
+ */
+ indexTotalCost = 0;
+ indexSelectivity = cost_bitmap_qual(bitmapqual, &indexTotalCost);
+
+ startup_cost += indexTotalCost;
+
+ /*
+ * The number of heap pages that need to be fetched is the same as the
+ * Mackert and Lohman formula for the case T <= b (ie, no re-reads
+ * needed).
+ */
+ tuples_fetched = clamp_row_est(indexSelectivity * baserel->tuples);
+
+ T = (baserel->pages > 1) ? (double) baserel->pages : 1.0;
+ pages_fetched = (2.0 * T * tuples_fetched) / (2.0 * T + tuples_fetched);
+ if (pages_fetched > T)
+ pages_fetched = T;
+
+ /*
+ * For small numbers of pages we should charge random_page_cost apiece,
+ * while if nearly all the table's pages are being read, it's more
+ * appropriate to charge 1.0 apiece. The effect is nonlinear, too.
+ * For lack of a better idea, interpolate like this to determine the
+ * cost per page.
+ */
+ cost_per_page = random_page_cost -
+ (random_page_cost - 1.0) * sqrt(pages_fetched / T);
+
+ run_cost += pages_fetched * cost_per_page;
+
+ /*
+ * Estimate CPU costs per tuple.
+ *
+ * Often the indexquals don't need to be rechecked at each tuple ...
+ * but not always, especially not if there are enough tuples involved
+ * that the bitmaps become lossy. For the moment, just assume they
+ * will be rechecked always.
+ */
+ startup_cost += baserel->baserestrictcost.startup;
+ cpu_per_tuple = cpu_tuple_cost + baserel->baserestrictcost.per_tuple;
+
+ run_cost += cpu_per_tuple * tuples_fetched;
path->startup_cost = startup_cost;
path->total_cost = startup_cost + run_cost;
}
+/*
+ * cost_bitmap_qual
+ * Recursively examine the AND/OR/IndexPath tree for a bitmap scan
+ *
+ * Total execution costs are added to *totalCost (so caller must be sure
+ * to initialize that to zero). Estimated total selectivity of the bitmap
+ * is returned as the function result.
+ */
+static Selectivity
+cost_bitmap_qual(Node *bitmapqual, Cost *totalCost)
+{
+ Selectivity result;
+ Selectivity subresult;
+ ListCell *l;
+
+ if (and_clause(bitmapqual))
+ {
+ /*
+ * We estimate AND selectivity on the assumption that the inputs
+ * are independent. This is probably often wrong, but we don't
+ * have the info to do better.
+ *
+ * The runtime cost of the BitmapAnd itself is estimated at 100x
+ * cpu_operator_cost for each tbm_intersect needed. Probably too
+ * small, definitely too simplistic?
+ *
+ * This must agree with make_bitmap_and in createplan.c.
+ */
+ result = 1.0;
+ foreach(l, ((BoolExpr *) bitmapqual)->args)
+ {
+ subresult = cost_bitmap_qual((Node *) lfirst(l), totalCost);
+ result *= subresult;
+ if (l != list_head(((BoolExpr *) bitmapqual)->args))
+ *totalCost += 100.0 * cpu_operator_cost;
+ }
+ }
+ else if (or_clause(bitmapqual))
+ {
+ /*
+ * We estimate OR selectivity on the assumption that the inputs
+ * are non-overlapping, since that's often the case in "x IN (list)"
+ * type situations. Of course, we clamp to 1.0 at the end.
+ *
+ * The runtime cost of the BitmapOr itself is estimated at 100x
+ * cpu_operator_cost for each tbm_union needed. Probably too
+ * small, definitely too simplistic? We are aware that the tbm_unions
+ * are optimized out when the inputs are BitmapIndexScans.
+ *
+ * This must agree with make_bitmap_or in createplan.c.
+ */
+ result = 0.0;
+ foreach(l, ((BoolExpr *) bitmapqual)->args)
+ {
+ subresult = cost_bitmap_qual((Node *) lfirst(l), totalCost);
+ result += subresult;
+ if (l != list_head(((BoolExpr *) bitmapqual)->args) &&
+ !IsA((Node *) lfirst(l), IndexPath))
+ *totalCost += 100.0 * cpu_operator_cost;
+ }
+ result = Min(result, 1.0);
+ }
+ else if (IsA(bitmapqual, IndexPath))
+ {
+ IndexPath *ipath = (IndexPath *) bitmapqual;
+
+ /* this must agree with create_bitmap_subplan in createplan.c */
+ *totalCost += ipath->indextotalcost;
+ result = ipath->indexselectivity;
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ elog(ERROR, "unrecognized node type: %d", nodeTag(bitmapqual));
+ result = 0.0; /* keep compiler quiet */
+ }
+
+ return result;
+}
+
/*
* cost_tidscan
* Determines and returns the cost of scanning a relation using TIDs.
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/indxpath.c,v 1.174 2005/04/20 21:48:04 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/indxpath.c,v 1.175 2005/04/21 02:28:01 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
/* Like costsize.c, force estimate to be at least one row */
pathnode->rows = clamp_row_est(pathnode->rows);
- cost_index(&pathnode->path, root, index, indexquals, true);
+ cost_index(pathnode, root, index, indexquals, true);
return (Path *) pathnode;
}
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/orindxpath.c,v 1.67 2005/03/27 06:29:36 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/path/orindxpath.c,v 1.68 2005/04/21 02:28:01 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
IndexOptInfo *index = (IndexOptInfo *) lfirst(ilist);
List *indexclauses;
List *indexquals;
- Path subclause_path;
+ IndexPath subclause_path;
/*
* Ignore partial indexes that do not match the query. If predOK
cost_index(&subclause_path, root, index, indexquals, false);
- if (!found || subclause_path.total_cost < *retTotalCost)
+ if (!found || subclause_path.path.total_cost < *retTotalCost)
{
*retIndexInfo = index;
*retIndexClauses = flatten_clausegroups_list(indexclauses);
*retIndexQuals = indexquals;
- *retStartupCost = subclause_path.startup_cost;
- *retTotalCost = subclause_path.total_cost;
+ *retStartupCost = subclause_path.path.startup_cost;
+ *retTotalCost = subclause_path.path.total_cost;
found = true;
}
}
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c,v 1.180 2005/04/19 22:35:16 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/plan/createplan.c,v 1.181 2005/04/21 02:28:01 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
linitial(iscan->indxqualorig),
linitial(iscan->indxstrategy),
linitial(iscan->indxsubtype));
- /* XXX this cost is wrong: */
- copy_path_costsize(&bscan->scan.plan, &ipath->path);
- /* use the indexscan-specific rows estimate, not the parent rel's */
- bscan->scan.plan.plan_rows = ipath->rows;
+ /* this must agree with cost_bitmap_qual in costsize.c */
+ bscan->scan.plan.startup_cost = 0.0;
+ bscan->scan.plan.total_cost = ipath->indextotalcost;
+ bscan->scan.plan.plan_rows =
+ clamp_row_est(ipath->indexselectivity * ipath->path.parent->tuples);
+ bscan->scan.plan.plan_width = 0; /* meaningless */
plan = (Plan *) bscan;
}
else
ListCell *subnode;
/*
- * Compute cost as sum of subplan costs, plus 10x cpu_operator_cost
+ * Compute cost as sum of subplan costs, plus 100x cpu_operator_cost
* (a pretty arbitrary amount, agreed) for each tbm_intersect needed.
+ * This must agree with cost_bitmap_qual in costsize.c.
*/
plan->startup_cost = 0;
plan->total_cost = 0;
plan->plan_rows = subplan->plan_rows;
}
else
+ {
+ plan->total_cost += cpu_operator_cost * 100.0;
plan->plan_rows = Min(plan->plan_rows, subplan->plan_rows);
+ }
plan->total_cost += subplan->total_cost;
}
ListCell *subnode;
/*
- * Compute cost as sum of subplan costs, plus 10x cpu_operator_cost
+ * Compute cost as sum of subplan costs, plus 100x cpu_operator_cost
* (a pretty arbitrary amount, agreed) for each tbm_union needed.
* We assume that tbm_union can be optimized away for BitmapIndexScan
* subplans.
+ *
+ * This must agree with cost_bitmap_qual in costsize.c.
*/
plan->startup_cost = 0;
plan->total_cost = 0;
if (subnode == list_head(bitmapplans)) /* first node? */
plan->startup_cost = subplan->startup_cost;
else if (!IsA(subplan, BitmapIndexScan))
- plan->total_cost += cpu_operator_cost * 10;
+ plan->total_cost += cpu_operator_cost * 100.0;
plan->total_cost += subplan->total_cost;
plan->plan_rows += subplan->plan_rows; /* ignore overlap */
}
*
*
* IDENTIFICATION
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/util/pathnode.c,v 1.116 2005/04/19 22:35:17 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/backend/optimizer/util/pathnode.c,v 1.117 2005/04/21 02:28:01 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
*/
pathnode->rows = index->rel->rows;
- cost_index(&pathnode->path, root, index, indexquals, false);
+ cost_index(pathnode, root, index, indexquals, false);
return pathnode;
}
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/nodes/relation.h,v 1.105 2005/04/19 22:35:17 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/nodes/relation.h,v 1.106 2005/04/21 02:28:02 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
* NoMovementScanDirection for an indexscan, but the planner wants to
* distinguish ordered from unordered indexes for building pathkeys.)
*
+ * 'indextotalcost' and 'indexselectivity' are saved in the IndexPath so that
+ * we need not recompute them when considering using the same index in a
+ * bitmap index/heap scan (see BitmapHeapPath).
+ *
* 'rows' is the estimated result tuple count for the indexscan. This
* is the same as path.parent->rows for a simple indexscan, but it is
* different for a nestloop inner scan, because the additional indexquals
List *indexquals;
bool isjoininner;
ScanDirection indexscandir;
+ Cost indextotalcost;
+ Selectivity indexselectivity;
double rows; /* estimated number of result tuples */
} IndexPath;
*
* The individual indexscans are represented by IndexPath nodes, and any
* logic on top of them is represented by regular AND and OR expressions.
- * Notice that we can use the same IndexPath node both to represent an
- * ordered index scan, and as the child of a BitmapHeapPath that represents
- * scanning the same index in an unordered way.
+ * Notice that we can use the same IndexPath node both to represent a regular
+ * IndexScan plan, and as the child of a BitmapHeapPath that represents
+ * scanning the same index using a BitmapIndexScan. The startup_cost and
+ * total_cost figures of an IndexPath always represent the costs to use it
+ * as a regular IndexScan. The costs of a BitmapIndexScan can be computed
+ * using the IndexPath's indextotalcost and indexselectivity.
*
* BitmapHeapPaths can be nestloop inner indexscans. The isjoininner and
* rows fields serve the same purpose as for plain IndexPaths.
* Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2005, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
* Portions Copyright (c) 1994, Regents of the University of California
*
- * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/optimizer/cost.h,v 1.64 2005/04/19 22:35:18 tgl Exp $
+ * $PostgreSQL: pgsql/src/include/optimizer/cost.h,v 1.65 2005/04/21 02:28:02 tgl Exp $
*
*-------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
extern double clamp_row_est(double nrows);
extern void cost_seqscan(Path *path, Query *root, RelOptInfo *baserel);
-extern void cost_index(Path *path, Query *root, IndexOptInfo *index,
+extern void cost_index(IndexPath *path, Query *root, IndexOptInfo *index,
List *indexQuals, bool is_injoin);
extern void cost_bitmap_scan(Path *path, Query *root, RelOptInfo *baserel,
Node *bitmapqual, bool is_injoin);
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