Speed up printing of integers in snprintf.c.

Speed up printing of integers in snprintf.c.

Since the only possible divisors are 8, 10, and 16, it doesn't cost
much code space to replace the division loop with three copies using
constant divisors.  On most machines, division by a constant can be
done a lot more cheaply than division by an arbitrary value.
A microbenchmark testing just snprintf("foo %d") with a 9-digit value
showed about a 2X speedup for me (tgl).  Most of Postgres isn't too
dependent on the speed of snprintf, so that the effect in real-world
cases is barely measurable.  Still, a cycle saved is a cycle earned.

Arjan van de Ven

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/40a4b32a-b841-4667-11b2-a0baedb12714@linux.intel.com
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/6e51c644-1b6d-956e-ac24-2d1b0541d532@linux.intel.com