Reduce lock levels of some trigger DDL and add FKs

Reduce lock levels to ShareRowExclusive for the following SQL
 CREATE TRIGGER (but not DROP or ALTER)
 ALTER TABLE ENABLE TRIGGER
 ALTER TABLE DISABLE TRIGGER
 ALTER TABLE … ADD CONSTRAINT FOREIGN KEY

Original work by Simon Riggs, extracted and refreshed by Andreas Karlsson
New test cases added by Andreas Karlsson
Reviewed by Noah Misch, Andres Freund, Michael Paquier and Simon Riggs

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml
index e43a3be6d4e5898936e759b42cd3729b290e2168..958adc32bd3c8d5b2956c54eec967fe7ffb152f5 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/mvcc.sgml
@@ -909,9 +909,9 @@ ERROR:  could not serialize access due to read/write dependencies among transact
         </para>
 
         <para>
-         This lock mode is not automatically acquired by any
-         <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> command.
-        </para>
+         Acquired by <command>CREATE TRIGGER</command> and many forms of
+         <command>ALTER TABLE</command> (see <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE">).
+        </para>>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
 
@@ -958,9 +958,9 @@ ERROR:  could not serialize access due to read/write dependencies among transact
          <command>TRUNCATE</command>, <command>REINDEX</command>,
          <command>CLUSTER</command>, and <command>VACUUM FULL</command>
          commands. Many forms of <command>ALTER TABLE</> also acquire
-         a lock at this level (see <xref linkend="SQL-ALTERTABLE">).
-         This is also the default lock mode for <command>LOCK TABLE</command>
-         statements that do not specify a mode explicitly.
+         a lock at this level. This is also the default lock mode for
+         <command>LOCK TABLE</command> statements that do not specify
+         a mode explicitly.
         </para>
        </listitem>
       </varlistentry>

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
index 19baf2961a4826c49e59c7314c7fc6538192839f..6a82730a4b4a6e8161a99589b6e1e50488ccde60 100644 (file)
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/alter_table.sgml
@@ -406,6 +406,9 @@ ALTER TABLE ALL IN TABLESPACE <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable>
       mode, and triggers configured as <literal>ENABLE ALWAYS</literal> will
       fire regardless of the current replication mode.
      </para>
+     <para>
+      This command acquires a <literal>SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE</literal> lock.
+     </para>
     </listitem>
    </varlistentry>
 

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
index eecc30f783f8856c00bba83db7fd5a66ea525eac..06e4332d2ac02b1ad382f489cda7021f219195ab 100644 (file)
--- a/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/tablecmds.c
@@ -2892,13 +2892,8 @@ AlterTableGetLockLevel(List *cmds)
                                break;
 
                                /*
-                                * These subcommands affect write operations only. XXX
-                                * Theoretically, these could be ShareRowExclusiveLock.
+                                * These subcommands affect write operations only.
                                 */
-                       case AT_ColumnDefault:
-                       case AT_ProcessedConstraint:            /* becomes AT_AddConstraint */
-                       case AT_AddConstraintRecurse:           /* becomes AT_AddConstraint */
-                       case AT_ReAddConstraint:        /* becomes AT_AddConstraint */
                        case AT_EnableTrig:
                        case AT_EnableAlwaysTrig:
                        case AT_EnableReplicaTrig:
@@ -2907,6 +2902,14 @@ AlterTableGetLockLevel(List *cmds)
                        case AT_DisableTrig:
                        case AT_DisableTrigAll:
                        case AT_DisableTrigUser:
+                               cmd_lockmode = ShareRowExclusiveLock;
+                               break;
+
+                               /*
+                                * These subcommands affect write operations only. XXX
+                                * Theoretically, these could be ShareRowExclusiveLock.
+                                */
+                       case AT_ColumnDefault:
                        case AT_AlterConstraint:
                        case AT_AddIndex:       /* from ADD CONSTRAINT */
                        case AT_AddIndexConstraint:
@@ -2918,6 +2921,9 @@ AlterTableGetLockLevel(List *cmds)
                                break;
 
                        case AT_AddConstraint:
+                       case AT_ProcessedConstraint:            /* becomes AT_AddConstraint */
+                       case AT_AddConstraintRecurse:           /* becomes AT_AddConstraint */
+                       case AT_ReAddConstraint:        /* becomes AT_AddConstraint */
                                if (IsA(cmd->def, Constraint))
                                {
                                        Constraint *con = (Constraint *) cmd->def;
@@ -2943,11 +2949,9 @@ AlterTableGetLockLevel(List *cmds)
                                                        /*
                                                         * We add triggers to both tables when we add a
                                                         * Foreign Key, so the lock level must be at least
-                                                        * as strong as CREATE TRIGGER. XXX Might be set
-                                                        * down to ShareRowExclusiveLock though trigger
-                                                        * info is accessed by pg_get_triggerdef
+                                                        * as strong as CREATE TRIGGER.
                                                         */
-                                                       cmd_lockmode = AccessExclusiveLock;
+                                                       cmd_lockmode = ShareRowExclusiveLock;
                                                        break;
 
                                                default:
@@ -6193,16 +6197,13 @@ ATAddForeignKeyConstraint(AlteredTableInfo *tab, Relation rel,
        ListCell   *old_pfeqop_item = list_head(fkconstraint->old_conpfeqop);
 
        /*
-        * Grab an exclusive lock on the pk table, so that someone doesn't delete
-        * rows out from under us. (Although a lesser lock would do for that
-        * purpose, we'll need exclusive lock anyway to add triggers to the pk
-        * table; trying to start with a lesser lock will just create a risk of
-        * deadlock.)
+        * Grab ShareRowExclusiveLock on the pk table, so that someone doesn't
+        * delete rows out from under us.
         */
        if (OidIsValid(fkconstraint->old_pktable_oid))
-               pkrel = heap_open(fkconstraint->old_pktable_oid, AccessExclusiveLock);
+               pkrel = heap_open(fkconstraint->old_pktable_oid, ShareRowExclusiveLock);
        else
-               pkrel = heap_openrv(fkconstraint->pktable, AccessExclusiveLock);
+               pkrel = heap_openrv(fkconstraint->pktable, ShareRowExclusiveLock);
 
        /*
         * Validity checks (permission checks wait till we have the column

diff --git a/src/backend/commands/trigger.c b/src/backend/commands/trigger.c
index e491c5ba772d19c179da0bc8aeb54b13cb0f1ee7..098893f4944f487d61dbefa8e358126ab8249f6f 100644 (file)
--- a/src/backend/commands/trigger.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/trigger.c
@@ -165,9 +165,9 @@ CreateTrigger(CreateTrigStmt *stmt, const char *queryString,
                                referenced;
 
        if (OidIsValid(relOid))
-               rel = heap_open(relOid, AccessExclusiveLock);
+               rel = heap_open(relOid, ShareRowExclusiveLock);
        else
-               rel = heap_openrv(stmt->relation, AccessExclusiveLock);
+               rel = heap_openrv(stmt->relation, ShareRowExclusiveLock);
 
        /*
         * Triggers must be on tables or views, and there are additional

diff --git a/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out b/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out
index edf7288364c461d0f6f109e1f10add321bc1307c..9daa418648979ed052734db14498bad09b22065b 100644 (file)
--- a/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out
+++ b/src/test/isolation/expected/alter-table-1.out
@@ -703,12 +703,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step sc2: COMMIT;
@@ -724,12 +723,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
@@ -745,12 +743,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
@@ -766,12 +763,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
@@ -787,12 +783,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
@@ -808,12 +803,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
@@ -829,12 +823,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
@@ -850,12 +843,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
@@ -871,12 +863,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
@@ -892,12 +883,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
@@ -913,12 +903,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
@@ -934,12 +923,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
@@ -955,12 +943,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
@@ -976,12 +963,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
@@ -997,12 +983,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
@@ -1018,12 +1003,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step s2: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
@@ -1039,12 +1023,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1060,12 +1043,11 @@ step c2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1081,12 +1063,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1102,12 +1083,11 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 sc1 wx rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step rx1: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step sc1: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1123,137 +1103,362 @@ step sc2: COMMIT;
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
 
-starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
 
-starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
 
-starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
+1              
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx1 c2
-step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx1 c2
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 at1 rx1 wx rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx1 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx1 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx1 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1261,8 +1466,19 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1270,8 +1486,19 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1279,8 +1506,19 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1288,8 +1526,19 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1297,8 +1546,19 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1306,8 +1566,19 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
@@ -1315,189 +1586,548 @@ step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+a_id           
+
+1              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
@@ -1506,14 +2136,14 @@ a_id
 3              
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
@@ -1522,14 +2152,14 @@ a_id
 3              
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
@@ -1538,14 +2168,14 @@ a_id
 3              
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
@@ -1554,14 +2184,14 @@ a_id
 3              
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 at1 wx rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
@@ -1575,197 +2205,181 @@ step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
-a_id           
-
-1              
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
-a_id           
-
-1              
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+3              
+3              
+3              
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+3              
+3              
+3              
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+3              
+3              
+3              
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+3              
+3              
+3              
 step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: <... completed>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 c2 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
 step s1: BEGIN;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx1 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx1 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx at1 rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step c2: COMMIT;
-step at1: <... completed>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step s2: BEGIN;
-step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1773,63 +2387,78 @@ a_id
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 at1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1837,20 +2466,19 @@ a_id
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step c2: COMMIT;
-step at1: <... completed>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
 step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: s1 rx1 wx rx1 c2 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
-step s1: BEGIN;
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
 step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
@@ -1858,174 +2486,189 @@ a_id
 3              
 3              
 3              
-step c2: COMMIT;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step s2: BEGIN;
 step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 wx rx1 c2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx sc2 rx1 c2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 at2 wx rx1 c2 sc2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 sc2 rx1 c2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 sc2 c2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 sc2 c2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 s2 wx rx1 c2 at2 sc2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2033,8 +2676,19 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 sc1 wx rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2042,8 +2696,19 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2051,9 +2716,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2061,9 +2737,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 at2 rx1 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2071,9 +2758,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2081,9 +2779,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 at2 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2091,9 +2800,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 s2 rx1 c2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2101,9 +2821,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2111,9 +2842,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
+step c2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2121,9 +2863,20 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+a_id           
+
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
@@ -2131,50 +2884,60 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
-
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
-1              
-step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-invalid permutation detected
+3              
+3              
+3              
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx sc1 rx1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+step sc1: COMMIT;
+step wx: <... completed>
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
 a_id           
 
 3              
 3              
 3              
-invalid permutation detected
+step c2: COMMIT;
+step s2: BEGIN;
+step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
+step sc2: COMMIT;
 
-starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+invalid permutation detected
+
+starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 at2 c2 sc2
+step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;
 a_id           
 
-3              
-3              
-3              
+1              
+step s1: BEGIN;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 s2 c2 at2 sc2
@@ -2183,14 +2946,8 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
-a_id           
-
-3              
-3              
-3              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 sc1 c2 s2 at2 sc2
@@ -2199,14 +2956,8 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
-a_id           
-
-3              
-3              
-3              
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
 invalid permutation detected
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 at1 wx rx1 c2 sc1 s2 at2 sc2
@@ -2215,20 +2966,9 @@ a_id
 
 1              
 step s1: BEGIN;
-step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID; <waiting ...>
-step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0);
-step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 3 LIMIT 3;
-a_id           
-
-3              
-3              
-3              
-step c2: COMMIT;
-step at1: <... completed>
-step sc1: COMMIT;
-step s2: BEGIN;
-step at2: ALTER TABLE b VALIDATE CONSTRAINT bfk;
-step sc2: COMMIT;
+step at1: ALTER TABLE b ADD CONSTRAINT bfk FOREIGN KEY (a_id) REFERENCES a (i) NOT VALID;
+step wx: INSERT INTO b VALUES (0); <waiting ...>
+invalid permutation detected
 
 starting permutation: rx1 s1 wx at1 sc1 s2 at2 sc2 rx1 c2
 step rx1: SELECT * FROM b WHERE a_id = 1 LIMIT 1;

diff --git a/src/test/isolation/isolation_schedule b/src/test/isolation/isolation_schedule
index c055a534766b01144d81b88f9845953380059656..3e2614ecacdb3ed2bbca3f70399ec39beecbfe56 100644 (file)
--- a/src/test/isolation/isolation_schedule
+++ b/src/test/isolation/isolation_schedule
@@ -34,4 +34,7 @@ test: skip-locked-3
 test: skip-locked-4
 test: drop-index-concurrently-1
 test: alter-table-1
+test: alter-table-2
+test: alter-table-3
+test: create-trigger
 test: timeouts

diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out b/src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out
index 6a31df7a296e3fda6a5e3395dcec0b94e425a2db..65274bc26b71cf96a26f92ed08caf294ac1da13b 100644 (file)
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out
@@ -1957,9 +1957,9 @@ create trigger ttdummy
        execute procedure
        ttdummy (1, 1);
 select * from my_locks order by 1;
-  relname  |    max_lockmode     
------------+---------------------
- alterlock | AccessExclusiveLock
+  relname  |     max_lockmode      
+-----------+-----------------------
+ alterlock | ShareRowExclusiveLock
 (1 row)
 
 rollback;
@@ -1971,10 +1971,10 @@ select * from my_locks order by 1;
 
 alter table alterlock2 add foreign key (f1) references alterlock (f1);
 select * from my_locks order by 1;
-     relname     |    max_lockmode     
------------------+---------------------
- alterlock       | AccessExclusiveLock
- alterlock2      | AccessExclusiveLock
+     relname     |     max_lockmode      
+-----------------+-----------------------
+ alterlock       | ShareRowExclusiveLock
+ alterlock2      | ShareRowExclusiveLock
  alterlock2_pkey | AccessShareLock
  alterlock_pkey  | AccessShareLock
 (4 rows)
@@ -1984,10 +1984,10 @@ begin;
 alter table alterlock2
 add constraint alterlock2nv foreign key (f1) references alterlock (f1) NOT VALID;
 select * from my_locks order by 1;
-  relname   |    max_lockmode     
-------------+---------------------
- alterlock  | AccessExclusiveLock
- alterlock2 | AccessExclusiveLock
+  relname   |     max_lockmode      
+------------+-----------------------
+ alterlock  | ShareRowExclusiveLock
+ alterlock2 | ShareRowExclusiveLock
 (2 rows)
 
 commit;