postmaster: Don't repeatedly transition to crashing state

postmaster: Don't repeatedly transition to crashing state

Previously HandleChildCrash() skipped logging and signalling child exits if
already in an immediate shutdown or in FatalError state, but still
transitioned server state in response to a crash. That's redundant.

In the other place we transition to FatalError, we do take care to not do so
when already in FatalError state.

To make it easier to combine different paths for entering FatalError state,
only do so once in HandleChildCrash().

Reviewed-by: Bertrand Drouvot <bertranddrouvot.pg@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/kgng5nrvnlv335evmsuvpnh354rw7qyazl73kdysev2cr2v5zu@m3cfzxicm5kp