From 5850b20f58a594ac69f4f77b24cad94fc3bfd946 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Andres Freund Date: Wed, 13 May 2015 07:31:04 +0200 Subject: Add pgstattuple_approx() to the pgstattuple extension. The new function allows to estimate bloat and other table level statics in a faster, but approximate, way. It does so by using information from the free space map for pages marked as all visible in the visibility map. The rest of the table is actually read and free space/bloat is measured accurately. In many cases that allows to get bloat information much quicker, causing less IO. Author: Abhijit Menon-Sen Reviewed-By: Andres Freund, Amit Kapila and Tomas Vondra Discussion: 20140402214144.GA28681@kea.toroid.org --- contrib/pgstattuple/Makefile | 4 +- contrib/pgstattuple/pgstatapprox.c | 273 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql | 18 ++ contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2.sql | 79 -------- contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.3.sql | 95 +++++++++ contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple.control | 2 +- doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml | 136 ++++++++++++- 7 files changed, 524 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-) create mode 100644 contrib/pgstattuple/pgstatapprox.c create mode 100644 contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql delete mode 100644 contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2.sql create mode 100644 contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.3.sql diff --git a/contrib/pgstattuple/Makefile b/contrib/pgstattuple/Makefile index 862585cc017..6083dabefd3 100644 --- a/contrib/pgstattuple/Makefile +++ b/contrib/pgstattuple/Makefile @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # contrib/pgstattuple/Makefile MODULE_big = pgstattuple -OBJS = pgstattuple.o pgstatindex.o $(WIN32RES) +OBJS = pgstattuple.o pgstatindex.o pgstatapprox.o $(WIN32RES) EXTENSION = pgstattuple -DATA = pgstattuple--1.2.sql pgstattuple--1.1--1.2.sql pgstattuple--1.0--1.1.sql pgstattuple--unpackaged--1.0.sql +DATA = pgstattuple--1.3.sql pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql pgstattuple--1.1--1.2.sql pgstattuple--1.0--1.1.sql pgstattuple--unpackaged--1.0.sql PGFILEDESC = "pgstattuple - tuple-level statistics" REGRESS = pgstattuple diff --git a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstatapprox.c b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstatapprox.c new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..ae5ed56f986 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstatapprox.c @@ -0,0 +1,273 @@ +/*------------------------------------------------------------------------- + * + * pgstatapproc.c + * Bloat estimation functions + * + * Copyright (c) 2014-2015, PostgreSQL Global Development Group + * + * IDENTIFICATION + * contrib/pgstattuple/pgstatapprox.c + * + *------------------------------------------------------------------------- + */ +#include "postgres.h" + +#include "access/visibilitymap.h" +#include "access/transam.h" +#include "access/xact.h" +#include "access/multixact.h" +#include "access/htup_details.h" +#include "catalog/namespace.h" +#include "funcapi.h" +#include "miscadmin.h" +#include "storage/bufmgr.h" +#include "storage/freespace.h" +#include "storage/procarray.h" +#include "storage/lmgr.h" +#include "utils/builtins.h" +#include "utils/tqual.h" +#include "commands/vacuum.h" + +PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(pgstattuple_approx); + +typedef struct output_type +{ + uint64 table_len; + uint64 scanned_percent; + uint64 tuple_count; + uint64 tuple_len; + double tuple_percent; + uint64 dead_tuple_count; + uint64 dead_tuple_len; + double dead_tuple_percent; + uint64 free_space; + double free_percent; +} output_type; + +#define NUM_OUTPUT_COLUMNS 10 + +/* + * This function takes an already open relation and scans its pages, + * skipping those that have the corresponding visibility map bit set. + * For pages we skip, we find the free space from the free space map + * and approximate tuple_len on that basis. For the others, we count + * the exact number of dead tuples etc. + * + * This scan is loosely based on vacuumlazy.c:lazy_scan_heap(), but + * we do not try to avoid skipping single pages. + */ +static void +statapprox_heap(Relation rel, output_type *stat) +{ + BlockNumber scanned, + nblocks, + blkno; + Buffer vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer; + BufferAccessStrategy bstrategy; + TransactionId OldestXmin; + uint64 misc_count = 0; + + OldestXmin = GetOldestXmin(rel, true); + bstrategy = GetAccessStrategy(BAS_BULKREAD); + + nblocks = RelationGetNumberOfBlocks(rel); + scanned = 0; + + for (blkno = 0; blkno < nblocks; blkno++) + { + Buffer buf; + Page page; + OffsetNumber offnum, + maxoff; + Size freespace; + + CHECK_FOR_INTERRUPTS(); + + /* + * If the page has only visible tuples, then we can find out the + * free space from the FSM and move on. + */ + if (visibilitymap_test(rel, blkno, &vmbuffer)) + { + freespace = GetRecordedFreeSpace(rel, blkno); + stat->tuple_len += BLCKSZ - freespace; + stat->free_space += freespace; + continue; + } + + buf = ReadBufferExtended(rel, MAIN_FORKNUM, blkno, + RBM_NORMAL, bstrategy); + + LockBuffer(buf, BUFFER_LOCK_SHARE); + + page = BufferGetPage(buf); + + /* + * It's not safe to call PageGetHeapFreeSpace() on new pages, so + * we treat them as being free space for our purposes. + */ + if (!PageIsNew(page)) + stat->free_space += PageGetHeapFreeSpace(page); + else + stat->free_space += BLCKSZ - SizeOfPageHeaderData; + + if (PageIsNew(page) || PageIsEmpty(page)) + { + UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf); + continue; + } + + scanned++; + + /* + * Look at each tuple on the page and decide whether it's live + * or dead, then count it and its size. Unlike lazy_scan_heap, + * we can afford to ignore problems and special cases. + */ + maxoff = PageGetMaxOffsetNumber(page); + + for (offnum = FirstOffsetNumber; + offnum <= maxoff; + offnum = OffsetNumberNext(offnum)) + { + ItemId itemid; + HeapTupleData tuple; + + itemid = PageGetItemId(page, offnum); + + if (!ItemIdIsUsed(itemid) || ItemIdIsRedirected(itemid) || + ItemIdIsDead(itemid)) + { + continue; + } + + Assert(ItemIdIsNormal(itemid)); + + ItemPointerSet(&(tuple.t_self), blkno, offnum); + + tuple.t_data = (HeapTupleHeader) PageGetItem(page, itemid); + tuple.t_len = ItemIdGetLength(itemid); + tuple.t_tableOid = RelationGetRelid(rel); + + /* + * We count live and dead tuples, but we also need to add up + * others in order to feed vac_estimate_reltuples. + */ + switch (HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum(&tuple, OldestXmin, buf)) + { + case HEAPTUPLE_RECENTLY_DEAD: + misc_count++; + /* Fall through */ + case HEAPTUPLE_DEAD: + stat->dead_tuple_len += tuple.t_len; + stat->dead_tuple_count++; + break; + case HEAPTUPLE_LIVE: + stat->tuple_len += tuple.t_len; + stat->tuple_count++; + break; + case HEAPTUPLE_INSERT_IN_PROGRESS: + case HEAPTUPLE_DELETE_IN_PROGRESS: + misc_count++; + break; + default: + elog(ERROR, "unexpected HeapTupleSatisfiesVacuum result"); + break; + } + } + + UnlockReleaseBuffer(buf); + } + + stat->table_len = (uint64) nblocks * BLCKSZ; + stat->tuple_count = vac_estimate_reltuples(rel, false, nblocks, scanned, + stat->tuple_count+misc_count); + + /* + * Calculate percentages if the relation has one or more pages. + */ + if (nblocks != 0) + { + stat->scanned_percent = 100 * scanned / nblocks; + stat->tuple_percent = 100.0 * stat->tuple_len / stat->table_len; + stat->dead_tuple_percent = 100.0 * stat->dead_tuple_len / stat->table_len; + stat->free_percent = 100.0 * stat->free_space / stat->table_len; + } + + if (BufferIsValid(vmbuffer)) + { + ReleaseBuffer(vmbuffer); + vmbuffer = InvalidBuffer; + } +} + +/* + * Returns estimated live/dead tuple statistics for the given relid. + */ +Datum +pgstattuple_approx(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS) +{ + Oid relid = PG_GETARG_OID(0); + Relation rel; + output_type stat = {0}; + TupleDesc tupdesc; + bool nulls[NUM_OUTPUT_COLUMNS]; + Datum values[NUM_OUTPUT_COLUMNS]; + HeapTuple ret; + int i = 0; + + if (!superuser()) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_INSUFFICIENT_PRIVILEGE), + (errmsg("must be superuser to use pgstattuple functions")))); + + if (get_call_result_type(fcinfo, NULL, &tupdesc) != TYPEFUNC_COMPOSITE) + elog(ERROR, "return type must be a row type"); + + if (tupdesc->natts != NUM_OUTPUT_COLUMNS) + elog(ERROR, "incorrect number of output arguments"); + + rel = relation_open(relid, AccessShareLock); + + /* + * Reject attempts to read non-local temporary relations; we would be + * likely to get wrong data since we have no visibility into the owning + * session's local buffers. + */ + if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(rel)) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED), + errmsg("cannot access temporary tables of other sessions"))); + + /* + * We support only ordinary relations and materialised views, + * because we depend on the visibility map and free space map + * for our estimates about unscanned pages. + */ + if (!(rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_RELATION || + rel->rd_rel->relkind == RELKIND_MATVIEW)) + ereport(ERROR, + (errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED), + errmsg("\"%s\" is not a table or materialized view", + RelationGetRelationName(rel)))); + + statapprox_heap(rel, &stat); + + relation_close(rel, AccessShareLock); + + memset(nulls, 0, sizeof(nulls)); + + values[i++] = Int64GetDatum(stat.table_len); + values[i++] = Float8GetDatum(stat.scanned_percent); + values[i++] = Int64GetDatum(stat.tuple_count); + values[i++] = Int64GetDatum(stat.tuple_len); + values[i++] = Float8GetDatum(stat.tuple_percent); + values[i++] = Int64GetDatum(stat.dead_tuple_count); + values[i++] = Int64GetDatum(stat.dead_tuple_len); + values[i++] = Float8GetDatum(stat.dead_tuple_percent); + values[i++] = Int64GetDatum(stat.free_space); + values[i++] = Float8GetDatum(stat.free_percent); + + ret = heap_form_tuple(tupdesc, values, nulls); + return HeapTupleGetDatum(ret); +} diff --git a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..99301a27caf --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +/* contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2--1.3.sql */ + +-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via ALTER EXTENSION +\echo Use "ALTER EXTENSION pgstattuple UPDATE TO '1.3'" to load this file. \quit + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstattuple_approx(IN reloid regclass, + OUT table_len BIGINT, -- physical table length in bytes + OUT scanned_percent FLOAT8, -- what percentage of the table's pages was scanned + OUT approx_tuple_count BIGINT, -- estimated number of live tuples + OUT approx_tuple_len BIGINT, -- estimated total length in bytes of live tuples + OUT approx_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- live tuples in % (based on estimate) + OUT dead_tuple_count BIGINT, -- exact number of dead tuples + OUT dead_tuple_len BIGINT, -- exact total length in bytes of dead tuples + OUT dead_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- dead tuples in % (based on estimate) + OUT approx_free_space BIGINT, -- estimated free space in bytes + OUT approx_free_percent FLOAT8) -- free space in % (based on estimate) +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstattuple_approx' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; diff --git a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2.sql b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2.sql deleted file mode 100644 index e5fa2f58dab..00000000000 --- a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2.sql +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -/* contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.2.sql */ - --- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION -\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pgstattuple" to load this file. \quit - -CREATE FUNCTION pgstattuple(IN relname text, - OUT table_len BIGINT, -- physical table length in bytes - OUT tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of live tuples - OUT tuple_len BIGINT, -- total tuples length in bytes - OUT tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- live tuples in % - OUT dead_tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of dead tuples - OUT dead_tuple_len BIGINT, -- total dead tuples length in bytes - OUT dead_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- dead tuples in % - OUT free_space BIGINT, -- free space in bytes - OUT free_percent FLOAT8) -- free space in % -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstattuple' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; - -CREATE FUNCTION pgstatindex(IN relname text, - OUT version INT, - OUT tree_level INT, - OUT index_size BIGINT, - OUT root_block_no BIGINT, - OUT internal_pages BIGINT, - OUT leaf_pages BIGINT, - OUT empty_pages BIGINT, - OUT deleted_pages BIGINT, - OUT avg_leaf_density FLOAT8, - OUT leaf_fragmentation FLOAT8) -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstatindex' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; - -CREATE FUNCTION pg_relpages(IN relname text) -RETURNS BIGINT -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pg_relpages' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; - -/* New stuff in 1.1 begins here */ - -CREATE FUNCTION pgstatginindex(IN relname regclass, - OUT version INT4, - OUT pending_pages INT4, - OUT pending_tuples BIGINT) -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstatginindex' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; - -/* New stuff in 1.2 begins here */ - -CREATE FUNCTION pgstattuple(IN reloid regclass, - OUT table_len BIGINT, -- physical table length in bytes - OUT tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of live tuples - OUT tuple_len BIGINT, -- total tuples length in bytes - OUT tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- live tuples in % - OUT dead_tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of dead tuples - OUT dead_tuple_len BIGINT, -- total dead tuples length in bytes - OUT dead_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- dead tuples in % - OUT free_space BIGINT, -- free space in bytes - OUT free_percent FLOAT8) -- free space in % -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstattuplebyid' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; - -CREATE FUNCTION pgstatindex(IN relname regclass, - OUT version INT, - OUT tree_level INT, - OUT index_size BIGINT, - OUT root_block_no BIGINT, - OUT internal_pages BIGINT, - OUT leaf_pages BIGINT, - OUT empty_pages BIGINT, - OUT deleted_pages BIGINT, - OUT avg_leaf_density FLOAT8, - OUT leaf_fragmentation FLOAT8) -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstatindexbyid' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; - -CREATE FUNCTION pg_relpages(IN relname regclass) -RETURNS BIGINT -AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pg_relpagesbyid' -LANGUAGE C STRICT; diff --git a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.3.sql b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.3.sql new file mode 100644 index 00000000000..f3996e74a87 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.3.sql @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +/* contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple--1.3.sql */ + +-- complain if script is sourced in psql, rather than via CREATE EXTENSION +\echo Use "CREATE EXTENSION pgstattuple" to load this file. \quit + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstattuple(IN relname text, + OUT table_len BIGINT, -- physical table length in bytes + OUT tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of live tuples + OUT tuple_len BIGINT, -- total tuples length in bytes + OUT tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- live tuples in % + OUT dead_tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of dead tuples + OUT dead_tuple_len BIGINT, -- total dead tuples length in bytes + OUT dead_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- dead tuples in % + OUT free_space BIGINT, -- free space in bytes + OUT free_percent FLOAT8) -- free space in % +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstattuple' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstatindex(IN relname text, + OUT version INT, + OUT tree_level INT, + OUT index_size BIGINT, + OUT root_block_no BIGINT, + OUT internal_pages BIGINT, + OUT leaf_pages BIGINT, + OUT empty_pages BIGINT, + OUT deleted_pages BIGINT, + OUT avg_leaf_density FLOAT8, + OUT leaf_fragmentation FLOAT8) +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstatindex' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +CREATE FUNCTION pg_relpages(IN relname text) +RETURNS BIGINT +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pg_relpages' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +/* New stuff in 1.1 begins here */ + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstatginindex(IN relname regclass, + OUT version INT4, + OUT pending_pages INT4, + OUT pending_tuples BIGINT) +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstatginindex' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +/* New stuff in 1.2 begins here */ + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstattuple(IN reloid regclass, + OUT table_len BIGINT, -- physical table length in bytes + OUT tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of live tuples + OUT tuple_len BIGINT, -- total tuples length in bytes + OUT tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- live tuples in % + OUT dead_tuple_count BIGINT, -- number of dead tuples + OUT dead_tuple_len BIGINT, -- total dead tuples length in bytes + OUT dead_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- dead tuples in % + OUT free_space BIGINT, -- free space in bytes + OUT free_percent FLOAT8) -- free space in % +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstattuplebyid' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstatindex(IN relname regclass, + OUT version INT, + OUT tree_level INT, + OUT index_size BIGINT, + OUT root_block_no BIGINT, + OUT internal_pages BIGINT, + OUT leaf_pages BIGINT, + OUT empty_pages BIGINT, + OUT deleted_pages BIGINT, + OUT avg_leaf_density FLOAT8, + OUT leaf_fragmentation FLOAT8) +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstatindexbyid' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +CREATE FUNCTION pg_relpages(IN relname regclass) +RETURNS BIGINT +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pg_relpagesbyid' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; + +/* New stuff in 1.3 begins here */ + +CREATE FUNCTION pgstattuple_approx(IN reloid regclass, + OUT table_len BIGINT, -- physical table length in bytes + OUT scanned_percent FLOAT8, -- what percentage of the table's pages was scanned + OUT approx_tuple_count BIGINT, -- estimated number of live tuples + OUT approx_tuple_len BIGINT, -- estimated total length in bytes of live tuples + OUT approx_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- live tuples in % (based on estimate) + OUT dead_tuple_count BIGINT, -- exact number of dead tuples + OUT dead_tuple_len BIGINT, -- exact total length in bytes of dead tuples + OUT dead_tuple_percent FLOAT8, -- dead tuples in % (based on estimate) + OUT approx_free_space BIGINT, -- estimated free space in bytes + OUT approx_free_percent FLOAT8) -- free space in % (based on estimate) +AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME', 'pgstattuple_approx' +LANGUAGE C STRICT; diff --git a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple.control b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple.control index a7cf47fd921..c03b180143f 100644 --- a/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple.control +++ b/contrib/pgstattuple/pgstattuple.control @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ # pgstattuple extension comment = 'show tuple-level statistics' -default_version = '1.2' +default_version = '1.3' module_pathname = '$libdir/pgstattuple' relocatable = true diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml index 9cabd71166e..b31fee9b0e1 100644 --- a/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml +++ b/doc/src/sgml/pgstattuple.sgml @@ -358,6 +358,140 @@ pending_tuples | 0 + + + + pgstattuple_approx + + pgstattuple_approx(regclass) returns record + + + + + pgstattuple_approx is a faster alternative to + pgstattuple that returns approximate results. + The argument is the target relation's OID. + For example: + +test=> SELECT * FROM pgstattuple_approx('pg_catalog.pg_proc'::regclass); +-[ RECORD 1 ]--------+------- +table_len | 573440 +scanned_percent | 2 +approx_tuple_count | 2740 +approx_tuple_len | 561210 +approx_tuple_percent | 97.87 +dead_tuple_count | 0 +dead_tuple_len | 0 +dead_tuple_percent | 0 +approx_free_space | 11996 +approx_free_percent | 2.09 + + The output columns are described in . + + + + Whereas pgstattuple always performs a + full-table scan and returns an exact count of live and dead tuples + (and their sizes) and free space, pgstattuple_approx + tries to avoid the full-table scan and returns exact dead tuple + statistics along with an approximation of the number and + size of live tuples and free space. + + + + It does this by skipping pages that have only visible tuples + according to the visibility map (if a page has the corresponding VM + bit set, then it is assumed to contain no dead tuples). For such + pages, it derives the free space value from the free space map, and + assumes that the rest of the space on the page is taken up by live + tuples. + + + + For pages that cannot be skipped, it scans each tuple, recording its + presence and size in the appropriate counters, and adding up the + free space on the page. At the end, it estimates the total number of + live tuples based on the number of pages and tuples scanned (in the + same way that VACUUM estimates pg_class.reltuples). + + + + <function>pgstattuple_approx</function> Output Columns + + + + Column + Type + Description + + + + + + table_len + bigint + Physical relation length in bytes (exact) + + + scanned_percent + float8 + Percentage of table scanned + + + tuple_count + bigint + Number of live tuples (estimated) + + + tuple_len + bigint + Total length of live tuples in bytes (estimated) + + + tuple_percent + float8 + Percentage of live tuples + + + dead_tuple_count + bigint + Number of dead tuples (exact) + + + dead_tuple_len + bigint + Total length of dead tuples in bytes (exact) + + + dead_tuple_percent + float8 + Percentage of dead tuples + + + approx_free_space + bigint + Total free space in bytes (estimated) + + + approx_free_percent + float8 + Percentage of free space + + + + +
+ + + In the above output, the free space figures may not match the + pgstattuple output exactly, because the free + space map gives us an exact figure, but is not guaranteed to be + accurate to the byte. + + + + + @@ -365,7 +499,7 @@ pending_tuples | 0 Authors - Tatsuo Ishii and Satoshi Nagayasu + Tatsuo Ishii, Satoshi Nagayasu and Abhijit Menon-Sen -- cgit v1.2.3