【MySQL】索引(下)

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本篇主题:【MySQL】索引(下)
发布时间:2025.3.2
隶属专栏MySQL

在这里插入图片描述

索引操作

主键索引

特点

  • 一个表中,最多有一个主键索引,当然可以使符合主键
  • 主键索引的效率高(主键不可重复)
  • 创建主键索引的列,它的值不能为null,且不能重复
  • 主键索引的列基本上是int

语法

  1. 在创建表的时候,直接在字段名后指定 primary key
create table user1(id int primary key, name varchar(30));
  1. 在创建表的最后,指定某列或某几列为主键索引
create table user2(id int, name varchar(30), primary key(id));
  1. 创建表以后再添加主键
create table user3(id int, name varchar(30));
alter table user3 add primary key(id);

案例

mysql> alter table test1 add primary key(id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from test1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: PRIMARY
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: id
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

唯一键索引

特点

  • 一个表中,可以有多个唯一索引
  • 查询效率高
  • 如果在某一列建立唯一索引,必须保证这列不能有重复数据
  • 如果一个唯一索引上指定not null,等价于主键索引

语法

  1. 在表定义时,在某列后直接指定unique唯一属性。
create table user4(id int primary key, name varchar(30) unique);
  1. 创建表时,在表的后面指定某列或某几列为unique
create table user5(id int primary key, name varchar(30), unique(name));
  1. 创建表以后再添加唯一键
create table user6(id int primary key, name varchar(30));
alter table user6 add unique(name);

案例

mysql> alter table test1 add unique(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from test1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: PRIMARY
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: id
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
*************************** 2. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: name
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: name
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

普通索引

特点

  • 一个表中可以有多个普通索引,普通索引在实际开发中用的比较多
  • 如果某列需要创建索引,但是该列有重复的值,那么我们就应该使用普通索引

语法

  1. 在表的定义最后,指定某列为索引
create table user8(id int primary key,
	name varchar(20),
	email varchar(30),
	index(name) 
);
  1. 创建完表以后指定某列为普通索引
create table user9(id int primary key, name varchar(20), email varchar(30));
alter table user9 add index(name);
  1. 创建一个索引名为 idx_name 的索引
create table user10(id int primary key, name varchar(20), email varchar(30));
create index idx_name on user10(name);

案例

mysql> alter table test1 add index(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from test1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: PRIMARY
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: id
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
*************************** 2. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: name
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: name
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> create index myindex on test1(name);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from test1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: PRIMARY
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: id
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
*************************** 2. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: myindex
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: name
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

复合索引

特点

  • 提高多列查询效率
  • 遵循最左前缀规则
  • 覆盖索引可能性增加
  • 节省索引空间
  • 优化排序操作

语法

  1. 在表的定义最后,指定某几列为索引
create table user8(id int primary key,
	name varchar(20),
	email varchar(30),
	index(name, email) 
);
  1. 创建完表以后指定某列为复合索引
create table user9(id int primary key, name varchar(20), email varchar(30));
alter table user9 add index(name, email);
  1. 创建一个索引名为 idx_name 的复合索引
create table user10(id int primary key, name varchar(20), email varchar(30));
create index idx_name on user10(name, email);

案例

mysql> alter table test1 add index(name,email);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> show index from test1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 0
     Key_name: PRIMARY
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: id
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
*************************** 2. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: name
 Seq_in_index: 1
  Column_name: name
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
*************************** 3. row ***************************
        Table: test1
   Non_unique: 1
     Key_name: name
 Seq_in_index: 2
  Column_name: email
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

全文索引

当对文章字段或有大量文字的字段进行检索时,会使用到全文索引。MySQL提供全文索引机制,但是有要求,要求表的存储引擎必须是MyISAM,而且默认的全文索引支持英文,不支持中文。如果对中文进行全文检索,可以使用sphinx的中文版(coreseek)。
创建表结构

mysql> CREATE TABLE articles (
    -> id INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
    -> title VARCHAR(200),
    -> body TEXT,
    -> FULLTEXT (title,body)
    -> )engine=MyISAM;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc articles;
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type             | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(10) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| title | varchar(200)     | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |
| body  | text             | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

插入数据

mysql> INSERT INTO articles (title,body) VALUES
    -> ('MySQL Tutorial','DBMS stands for DataBase ...'),
    -> ('How To Use MySQL Well','After you went through a ...'),
    -> ('Optimizing MySQL','In this tutorial we will show ...'),
    -> ('1001 MySQL Tricks','1. Never run mysqld as root. 2. ...'),
    -> ('MySQL vs. YourSQL','In the following database comparison ...'),
    -> ('MySQL Security','When configured properly, MySQL ...');
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 6  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from articles;
+----+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
| id | title                 | body                                     |
+----+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
|  1 | MySQL Tutorial        | DBMS stands for DataBase ...             |
|  2 | How To Use MySQL Well | After you went through a ...             |
|  3 | Optimizing MySQL      | In this tutorial we will show ...        |
|  4 | 1001 MySQL Tricks     | 1. Never run mysqld as root. 2. ...      |
|  5 | MySQL vs. YourSQL     | In the following database comparison ... |
|  6 | MySQL Security        | When configured properly, MySQL ...      |
+----+-----------------------+------------------------------------------+
6 rows in set (0.02 sec)

查询有没有database数据
如果使用如下查询方式,虽然查询出数据,但是没有使用到全文索引

mysql> select * from articles where body like '%database%';
+----+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
| id | title             | body                                     |
+----+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
|  1 | MySQL Tutorial    | DBMS stands for DataBase ...             |
|  5 | MySQL vs. YourSQL | In the following database comparison ... |
+----+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

可以用explain工具看一下,是否使用到索引

mysql> explain select * from articles where body like '%database%'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: articles
   partitions: NULL
         type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
          key: NULL    <== keynull表示没有用到索引
      key_len: NULL
          ref: NULL
         rows: 6
     filtered: 16.67
        Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.03 sec)
  • 如何使用全文索引呢?
mysql> select * from articles where match (title, body) against('database');
+----+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
| id | title             | body                                     |
+----+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
|  5 | MySQL vs. YourSQL | In the following database comparison ... |
|  1 | MySQL Tutorial    | DBMS stands for DataBase ...             |
+----+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> explain select * from articles where match (title, body) against('database')\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           id: 1
  select_type: SIMPLE
        table: articles
   partitions: NULL
         type: fulltext
possible_keys: title
          key: title       <= key用到了title
      key_len: 0
          ref: const
         rows: 1
     filtered: 100.00
        Extra: Using where
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

查询索引

  1. 第一种方法: show index from 表名;
mysql> show index from test1 \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
        Table: test1       <= 表名
   Non_unique: 0           <= 0表示唯一索引
     Key_name: PRIMARY     <= 主键索引
 Seq_in_index: 1           
  Column_name: id          <= 索引在哪列
    Collation: A
  Cardinality: 0
     Sub_part: NULL
       Packed: NULL
         Null: 
   Index_type: BTREE       <= 以B+树形式的索引
      Comment: 
Index_comment: 
1 row in set (0.03 sec)
  1. show keys from 表名
  2. desc 表名;(信息比较简略)

删除索引

  1. 第一种方法-删除主键索引: alter table 表名 drop primary key;
mysql> alter table test1 drop primary key;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0 

mysql> show index from test1 \G
Empty set (0.00 sec)
  1. 其他索引的删除: alter table 表名 drop index 索引名;
    索引名就是show keys from 表名中的 Key_name字段
mysql> alter table test1 drop index name;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
  1. drop index 索引名 on 表名

索引创建原则

  • 比较频繁作为查询条件的字段应该创建索引
  • 唯一性太差的字段不适合单独创建索引,即使频繁作为查询条件
  • 更新非常频繁的字段不适合作创建索引
  • 不会出现在where子句中的字段不该创建索引

⚠️ 写在最后:以上内容是我在学习以后得一些总结和概括,如有错误或者需要补充的地方欢迎各位大佬评论或者私信我交流!!!

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