rpm命令应用

记录：323

场景：在CentOS 7.9操作系统上，使用rpm命令安装、卸载、查看软件包。

版本：

操作系统：CentOS 7.9

名词：

RPM：Red-Hat Package Manager的简称。一个命令行驱动的软件包管理工具，用来安装、卸载、校验、查询和更新Linux系统上的软件包。它生成具有.rpm扩展名的文件。

命名规则：rpm包命名规则一般包括名称、版本、架构、和.rpm后缀。

1.rpm常用命令

(1)帮助命令

命令：rpm --help

功能：查看rpm 支持全部命令和选项，在实际工作中，查看这个手册应该是必备之选。

(2)安装rpm包

安装指定包：rpm -ivh yum-utils-1.1.31-54.el7_8.noarch.rpm

安装指定包：rpm -ivh --nodeps yum-utils-1.1.31-54.el7_8.noarch.rpm

安装指定包：rpm -ivh --force yum-utils-1.1.31-54.el7_8.noarch.rpm

安装目录下全部包：rpm -ivh ./*

功能：安装指定软件包，-i是install安装；-v是打印详细日志；-h是在安装包时打印哈希标记，显示安装进度；--nodeps不校验依赖包；--force强制安装。

(3)卸载rpm包

卸载包命令：rpm -e yum-utils-1.1.31-54.el7_8

卸载包命令：rpm -e --nodeps yum-utils-1.1.31-54.el7_8

功能：卸载rpm包，-e是erase简写，就是清除卸载包；--nodeps，是代表不确认包的依赖。

(4)查看已安装的包

查询已安装的rpm包列表：rpm -qa

已安装包中的查询包含关键字的包：rpm -qa | grep yum-utils

(5)查看已安装包的信息

命令：rpm -qi yum-utils

功能：查看指定的已安装包的详细信息。比如包名称、版本、发行版本、架构、许可证、构建日期等。一般字段包括：Name、Version、Release、Architecture、InstallDate、Group、Size、License、Signature、SourceRPM、BuildDate、BuildHost、Relocations、Packager、Vendor、URL、Summary、Description。

(6)查看已安装包的文件

命令：rpm -ql yum-utils

功能：查看安装包的文件列表。

2.rpm命令和选项

命令：rpm --help

功能：查看rpm 支持全部命令和选项，在实际工作中，查看这个手册应该是必备之选。

Usage: rpm [OPTION...]

Query/Verify package selection options:
  -a, --all                        query/verify all packages
  -f, --file                       query/verify package(s) owning file
  -g, --group                      query/verify package(s) in group
  -p, --package                    query/verify a package file
  --pkgid                          query/verify package(s) with package identifier
  --hdrid                          query/verify package(s) with header identifier
  --triggeredby                    query the package(s) triggered by the package
  --whatrequires                   query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
  --whatprovides                   query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
  --nomanifest                     do not process non-package files as manifests

Query options (with -q or --query):
  -c, --configfiles                list all configuration files
  -d, --docfiles                   list all documentation files
  -L, --licensefiles               list all license files
  --dump                           dump basic file information
  -l, --list                       list files in package
  --queryformat=QUERYFORMAT        use the following query format
  -s, --state                      display the states of the listed files

Verify options (with -V or --verify):
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nofiles                        don't verify files in package
  --nodeps                         don't verify package dependencies
  --noscript                       don't execute verify script(s)

Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
  --allfiles                       install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
  --allmatches                     remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if
                                   <package> specified multiple packages)
  --badreloc                       relocate files in non-relocatable package
  -e, --erase=<package>+           erase (uninstall) package
  --excludedocs                    do not install documentation
  --excludepath=<path>             skip files with leading component <path> 
  --force                          short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
  -F, --freshen=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s) if already installed
  -h, --hash                       print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
  --ignorearch                     don't verify package architecture
  --ignoreos                       don't verify package operating system
  --ignoresize                     don't check disk space before installing
  -i, --install                    install package(s)
  --justdb                         update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
  --nodeps                         do not verify package dependencies
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nocontexts                     don't install file security contexts
  --noorder                        do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
  --noscripts                      do not execute package scriptlet(s)
  --notriggers                     do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
  --nocollections                  do not perform any collection actions
  --oldpackage                     upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this automatically)
  --percent                        print percentages as package installs
  --prefix=<dir>                   relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
  --relocate=<old>=<new>           relocate files from path <old> to <new>
  --replacefiles                   ignore file conflicts between packages
  --replacepkgs                    reinstall if the package is already present
  --test                           don't install, but tell if it would work or not
  -U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s)
  --reinstall=<packagefile>+       reinstall package(s)

Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
  -D, --define='MACRO EXPR'        define MACRO with value EXPR
  --undefine=MACRO                 undefine MACRO
  -E, --eval='EXPR'                print macro expansion of EXPR
  --macros=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  --noplugins                      don't enable any plugins
  --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
  --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)
  --rcfile=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  -r, --root=ROOT                  use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
  --dbpath=DIRECTORY               use database in DIRECTORY
  --querytags                      display known query tags
  --showrc                         display final rpmrc and macro configuration
  --quiet                          provide less detailed output
  -v, --verbose                    provide more detailed output
  --version                        print the version of rpm being used

Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
  --scripts                        list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
  --setperms                       set permissions of files in a package
  --setugids                       set user/group ownership of files in a package
  --setcaps                        set capabilities of files in a package
  --restore                        restore file/directory permissions
  --conflicts                      list capabilities this package conflicts with
  --obsoletes                      list other packages removed by installing this package
  --provides                       list capabilities that this package provides
  --requires                       list capabilities required by package(s)
  --info                           list descriptive information from package(s)
  --changelog                      list change logs for this package
  --xml                            list metadata in xml
  --triggers                       list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
  --last                           list package(s) by install time, most recent first
  --dupes                          list duplicated packages
  --filesbypkg                     list all files from each package
  --fileclass                      list file names with classes
  --filecolor                      list file names with colors
  --fscontext                      list file names with security context from file system
  --fileprovide                    list file names with provides
  --filerequire                    list file names with requires
  --filecaps                       list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities

Help options:
  -?, --help                       Show this help message
  --usage                          Display brief usage message

以上，感谢。

2022年11月19日