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What is Science | Definition, Branches
Updated by Scienly
On March 15, 2024
Imagine you were born about 500 years ago. There was no branch of knowledge at that time. The study of everything was under a single title called natural philosophy. Humans are always curious to know how the universe works, how weather changes, why something happens or how something works.
想象一下你出生在大约 500 年前。那时还没有知识分支。对一切事物的研究都归入一个称为自然哲学的标题下。人类总是很想知道宇宙是如何运作的，天气是如何变化的，为什么会发生某件事或某件事是如何运作的。
In 384-322 BC, an ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle, told that heavy bodies fall faster than light ones. Of course, he never did any experiments to test this thought. This shocking and wrong concept was taught in the universities for 2000 years. However, early Greeks made outstanding contributions in many fields, such as mathematics, literature, medicine, etc. but they misinterpreted the physical law of nature.
公元前 384-322 年，古希腊哲学家亚里士多德说，重的物体比轻的物体下落得更快。当然，他从未做过任何实验来验证这个想法。这个令人震惊和错误的概念在大学里传授了 2000 年。然而，早期希腊人在许多领域做出了杰出的贡献，例如数学、文学、医学等，但他们误解了自然的物理定律。
An ancient Greek mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer, Claudius Ptolemy told that the earth was a spherical and it was the centre of the universe. For about 1400 years, people believed this geocentric theory. Nicolaus Copernicus followed by Giordano Bruno corrected this concept.
古希腊数学家、天文学家和占星家克劳狄乌斯·托勒密 （Claudius Ptolemy） 说，地球是一个球形的，它是宇宙的中心。大约 1400 年来，人们一直相信这种地心说。尼古拉·哥白尼 （Nicolaus Copernicus） 和乔尔达诺·布鲁诺 （Giordano Bruno） 纠正了这一概念。
Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno was burned alive for just telling the truth loudly that the sun is the centre of our solar system and that our earth revolved around it. But still, people seriously continued the search for understanding our environment and slowly and gradually the knowledge gained increased. This curiosity and gaining of knowledge gave birth to “science”. In this tutorial, we will understand the definition of science in a simple words.
意大利哲学家乔尔丹诺·布鲁诺（Giordano Bruno）因大声宣扬太阳是我们太阳系的中心、地球围绕它运转而被活活烧死。然而，人们仍然认真地继续探索对环境的理解，知识也逐渐积累。这种好奇心和对知识的追求催生了“科学”。在本教程中，我们将用简单的语言来理解科学的定义。
Definition of Science 科学的定义
The English word “science” originates from a Latin word “Scientia” which means “to know“. There will be no doubt in saying that “science” is another word for “knowledge”. Science is a system of gaining knowledge. In Sanskrit, the word “Vijyan” means “knowledge”.
英文单词“science”源自拉丁语“Scientia”，意思是“知道”。毫无疑问，“科学”是“知识”的另一种说法。科学是一个获取知识的系统。在梵语中，“Vijyan”一词的意思是“知识”。
We can define science in simple words as:
我们可以用简单的词来定义科学：
The study or knowledge gained through careful observations and experiments is called science. It is basically a systematic approach or attempt to understand about the physical world, nature and natural phenomena in as much details and depth as possible. A man makes experiments and takes observations. It uses the observation and experimentation to describe and explain about the nature and its natural phenomena. Science explores, experiments, and predicts from what we see around us. It unravels the secrets of nature.
通过仔细观察和实验获得的研究或知识称为科学。它基本上是一种系统的方法或尝试，以尽可能详细和深入的方式了解物理世界、自然和自然现象。一个人做实验和观察。它利用观察和实验来描述和解释自然及其自然现象。科学根据我们周围所看到的事物进行探索、实验和预测。它揭开了大自然的秘密。
The greatest scientist at all times, Albert Einstein, states that science is just not a collection of laws. It is the creation of the human mind with its freely invented concepts and ideas.
有史以来最伟大的科学家阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 （Albert Einstein） 指出，科学不是定律的集合。它是人类思想的创造，具有自由发明的概念和想法。
According to Bruce Lindsay, science is a way of describing, creating, and understanding human experience.
根据布鲁斯·林赛 （Bruce Lindsay） 的说法，科学是一种描述、创造和理解人类经验的方式。
Importance of Science for Society 科学对社会的重要性
People have always been curious to know and understand about the world around them. For this, science is the best approach to understand the physical world. It has led us to finding out things that we have today. Without science, we would have not electricity which would mean no mobile, internet, we would not have freeze to keep fresh foods, television to entertain, etc. In our society, science plays an important role in everything from advancing healthcare to fostering economic growth. It is the driving force behind human progress.
人们一直对了解和了解他们周围的世界充满好奇。为此，科学是了解物理世界的最佳方法。它引导我们发现我们今天所拥有的东西。没有科学，我们就没有电，这意味着没有手机、互联网，我们就不会有冰冻来保存新鲜食物，没有电视来娱乐等等。在我们的社会中，科学在从推进医疗保健到促进经济增长的方方面面都发挥着重要作用。它是人类进步的驱动力。
From life-saving medical treatments to innovative technologies, science has improved the well-being of people and societies. For example, the field of medicine owes its remarkable progress to scientific research. Vaccines, antibiotics, and medical imaging have revolutionized healthcare, which extended life expectancy and reduced the burden of diseases. Science has played a vital role in transforming agriculture, leading to increased crop yields and food production.
从拯救生命的医疗到创新技术，科学改善了人类和社会的福祉。例如，医学领域的显着进步归功于科学研究。疫苗、抗生素和医学成像彻底改变了医疗保健，延长了预期寿命并减轻了疾病负担。科学在农业转型中发挥了至关重要的作用，从而提高了农作物产量和粮食产量。
The combination of science and technology has led to revolutionary advancements, like smartphones, internet, and artificial intelligence (AI). These advancements have revolutionized communication and connectivity on a global scale. Science plays a crucial role in tackling global challenges, such as climate change, pandemics, and resource scarcity.
科学与技术的结合导致了革命性的进步，如智能手机、互联网和人工智能 （AI）。这些进步在全球范围内彻底改变了通信和连接。科学在应对气候变化、流行病和资源稀缺等全球挑战方面发挥着至关重要的作用。
Today, science has influenced so many different sectors that listing them is not easy on one page. Science is very important for us because it has helped to understand the world that we live today.
今天，科学已经影响了许多不同的领域，以至于在一页上列出它们并不容易。科学对我们来说非常重要，因为它有助于了解我们今天生活的世界。
Branches of Science 科学分支
There are commonly three fields or branches of modern science. They are as:
现代科学通常有三个领域或分支。他们是：
- Natural science 自然科学
- Social science 社会科学
- Formal science 形式科学
Natural Science 自然科学
The science in which we study about the natural world and its phenomena that occur within it is called natural science. This branch of science explores the nature of our physical world and the universe. The three main branches of natural science are as:
我们研究自然世界及其内部现象的科学称为自然科学。这一科学分支探索我们的物理世界和宇宙的本质。自然科学的三个主要分支是：
- Physical sciences 物理科学
- Life sciences 生命科学
- Earth sciences 地球科学
Physical Sciences 物理科学
The sciences which study about the non-living things are called physical sciences. There are the following branches included in the physical sciences. They are as:
研究非生物的科学称为物理科学。物理科学包括以下分支。他们是：
Physics: The word “physics” comes from the Greek word “fusis” which means “nature”. In Sanskrit, it is called “bhautika”, which means the study of physical world. Hence, physics is the fundamental branch of science that deals with the study of nature and its laws and natural phenomena. The study of physics involves dealing with matter, energy, laws of motion, the nature and type of forces that govern the universe.
物理学： “物理学”一词来自希腊语“fusis”，意思是“自然”。在梵语中，它被称为“bhautika”，意思是对物理世界的研究。因此，物理学是科学的基本分支，涉及对自然及其定律和自然现象的研究。物理学研究涉及处理物质、能量、运动定律、支配宇宙的力量的性质和类型。
There are the following sub-branches of the physics that are as:
物理学的子分支如下：
- Mechanics 力学
- Electromagnetism 电磁
- Thermodynamics 热力学
- Kinetics 动力学
- Optics 光学
- Relativity 相对论
- Nuclear physics 核物理
Chemistry: It is the sub-branch of physical sciences under natural science that deals with the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. This branch explores the composition, properties, and reactions of matter. It investigates the structure of atoms and molecules and how they combine to form different substances when undergo the chemical reactions. Chemistry has the following key sub-branches that are as:
化学： 它是自然科学下物理科学的一个分支，涉及对物质性质和行为的科学研究。本分支探讨物质的组成、性质和反应。它研究原子和分子的结构以及它们在发生化学反应时如何结合形成不同的物质。化学有以下关键子分支，它们是：
- Inorganic chemistry 无机化学
- Organic chemistry 有机化学
- Physical chemistry 物理化学
- Analytic chemistry 分析化学
- Biochemistry 生物化学
- Environmental chemistry 环境化学
- Nuclear chemistry 核化学
Life Sciences 生命科学
The branch of sciences which deals with living things are called life sciences or biological sciences. This branch mainly focuses on the study of living organisms and their interactions with their environment. There are the following sub-branches or areas included in the life sciences. They are as:
处理生物的科学分支称为生命科学或生物科学。该分支主要侧重于研究生物体及其与环境的相互作用。生命科学包括以下子分支或领域。他们是：
- Anatomy 解剖学
- Botany 植物学
- Biology 生物学
- Zoology 动物学
- Cell biology 细胞生物学
- Genetics 遗传学
- Ecology 生态学
- Microbiology 微生物学
- Biotechnology 生物工艺学
- Neuroscience 神经
Earth Sciences 地球科学
The branch of sciences that deals with the study of earth and its processes is called earth sciences. It is also called geoscience. The main aim of earth science is to understand the earth’s origin, structure, composition, and the processes that have shaped it over billions of years. There are the following sub-branches or fields included earth sciences. They are as:
涉及地球及其过程研究的科学分支称为地球科学。它也被称为地球科学。地球科学的主要目的是了解地球的起源、结构、组成以及数十亿年来塑造地球的过程。地球科学包括以下子分支或领域。他们是：
- Geology 地质学
- Meteorology 气象学
- Oceanography 海洋学
- Environmental science 环境科学
- Hydrology 水文学
- Geomorphology 地形学
- Glaciology 冰川学
Social Science 社会科学
The science in which we systematically study about the human behavior and societies is called social science. It examines the complexities of human interactions and societal structures. It studies human societies from across the earth, as well as the relationship of human beings with their social environment. The main disciplines in the social science are:
我们系统地研究人类行为和社会的科学称为社会科学。它研究了人类互动和社会结构的复杂性。它研究地球各地的人类社会，以及人类与其社会环境的关系。社会科学的主要学科是：
- Psychology 心理学
- Sociology 社会学
- Anthropology 人类学
- Economics 经济学
- Political science 政治学
Formal Science 形式科学
The science in which we study about the formal systems, abstract structures, and logical reasoning is called formal science. It is also called deductive or abstract science. It provides the tools and frameworks for other branches of science to develop and validate their theories. This unique branch uses formal systems to yield knowledge and explore the nature of different subjects field ranging from mathematics, and logic to computer science and information technology. The most important branches of formal sciences are as follows:
我们研究形式系统、抽象结构和逻辑推理的科学称为形式科学。它也被称为演绎或抽象科学。它为其他科学分支提供了开发和验证其理论的工具和框架。这个独特的分支使用形式化系统来产生知识并探索不同学科领域的性质，从数学和逻辑到计算机科学和信息技术。形式科学最重要的分支如下：
- Mathematics 数学
- Logic 逻辑
- Computer Science 计算机科学
- Data Science 数据科学
- Statistics 统计学
- Artificial Intelligence 人工智能
- Information Technology, etc. 信息技术等
List of Famous Scientists and Their Inventions 著名科学家及其发明名单
A scientist is a person who explores the nature of the universe through the use of scientific methods and principles. He conducts research, makes observations, and analyzes data to develop new noesis and advance human understanding. An investigator, on the other hand, is a person who tries to develop useful devices, tools and products. A very few people have successes in both endeavors. Here, we have listed in table 20 most famous scientists and their discoveries along with the years they made these contributions.
科学家是通过使用科学方法和原则探索宇宙本质的人。他进行研究、观察和分析数据，以开发新的 noesis 并促进人类的理解。另一方面，调查员是试图开发有用的设备、工具和产品的人。极少数人在这两项努力中都取得了成功。在这里，我们在表中列出了 20 位最著名的科学家及其发现以及他们做出这些贡献的年份。
| Scientist Name | Discovery | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Isaac Newton 艾萨克·牛顿 | Laws of Motion 运动定律 | 1687 |
| Albert Einstein 阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 | Theory of Relativity 相对论 | 1905 |
| Marie Curie 玛丽·居里 | Polonium and Radium 钋和镭 | 1898 |
| J.J. Thomson J.J. 汤姆森 | Electron 电子 | 1897 |
| Ernest Rutherford 欧内斯特·卢瑟福 | Proton 质子 | 1919 |
| John Dalton 约翰·道尔顿 | Atomic Theory 原子理论 | 1808 |
| James Chadwick 詹姆斯·查德威克 | Neutron 中子 | 1932 |
| Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 查尔斯-奥古斯丁·库仑 | Coulomb’s Law 库仑定律 | 1779 |
| Georg Simon Ohm 乔治·西蒙·欧姆 | Ohm’s Law 欧姆定律 | 1827 |
| Michael Faraday 迈克尔·法拉第 | Electromagnetic Induction 电磁感应 | 1831 |
| Thomas Edison 托马斯·爱迪生 | Electric Light Bulb 电灯泡 | 1879 |
| Henri Becquerel 亨利·贝克勒尔 | Radioactivity 放射现象 | 1896 |
| Max Planck 马克斯·普朗克 | Quantum Theory 量子理论 | 1900 |
| Heinrich Hertz 海因里希·赫兹 | Photoelectric Effect 光电效应 | 1905 |
| Wilhelm Röntgen 威尔赫尔姆·伦琴 | X-rays X射线 | 1895 |
| Niels Bohr & Ernest Rutherford 尼尔斯·玻尔与欧内斯特·卢瑟福 | Atomic Structure 原子结构 | 1913 |
| Enrico Fermi 恩里科·费米 | Nuclear Reactor 核反应堆 | 1942 |
| Charles Darwin 查尔斯·达尔文 | Theory of Evolution 进化论 | 1859 |
| Galileo Galilei 伽利略·伽利莱 | Laws of the Pendulum and Astronomy 钟摆定律和天文学 | 1602 |
| Nikola Tesla 尼古拉·特斯拉 | Alternating Current and Radio Waves 交流电和无线电波 | Late 19th Century |
| Alexander Fleming 亚历山大·弗莱明 | Discovery of Penicillin 青霉素的发现 | 1928 |
| Rosalind Franklin 罗莎琳德·富兰克林 | Contribution to DNA Structure 对DNA结构的贡献 | 1952 |
| Louis Pasteur 路易斯·巴斯德 | Pasteurization and Vaccination 巴氏杀菌法和疫苗接种 | 1864 |
| Alexander Graham Bell 亚历山大·格雷厄姆·贝尔 | Invention of the Telephone 电话的发明 | 1876 |
| Dmitri Mendeleev 德米特里·门捷列夫 | Periodic Table of Elements 元素周期表 | 1869 |
| Edwin Hubble 爱德温·哈勃 | Expansion of the Universe 宇宙的膨胀 | 1929 |
| Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林 | Electrical Nature of Lightning 雷电的电性质 | 1752 |
| Johannes Kepler 约翰内斯·开普勒 | Laws of Planetary Motion 行星运动定律 | Early 17th Century |
| Gregor Mendel 格雷戈尔·孟德尔 | Laws of Heredity (Mendelian Genetics) 遗传法则（孟德尔遗传学） | 1865 |
In this tutorial, we have discussed about what is science and its different branches. Hope that you will have understood the basic definition and enjoyed it.
Thanks for reading!!!
在本教程中，我们讨论了什么是科学及其不同的分支。希望您已经理解了基本定义并喜欢它。
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