python安装包时：timeout

问题：

D:\code_python\scriptLearning>pip install scrapy
Collecting scrapy
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/3b/e4/69b87d7827abf03dea2ea984230d50f347b00a7a3897bc93f6ec3dafa494/Scrapy-1.8.0-
py2.py3-none-any.whl (238kB)
     |████████████████████████████████| 245kB 105kB/s
Requirement already satisfied: zope.interface>=4.1.3 in d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from scrapy) (4.5.0)
Requirement already satisfied: cssselect>=0.9.1 in d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from scrapy) (1.1.0)
Collecting PyDispatcher>=2.0.5 (from scrapy)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/cd/37/39aca520918ce1935bea9c356bcbb7ed7e52ad4e31bff9b943dfc8e7115b/PyDispatcher-
2.0.5.tar.gz
Collecting parsel>=1.5.0 (from scrapy)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/86/c8/fc5a2f9376066905dfcca334da2a25842aedfda142c0424722e7c497798b/parsel-1.5.2-
py2.py3-none-any.whl
Requirement already satisfied: lxml>=3.5.0 in d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from scrapy) (4.2.5)
Requirement already satisfied: service-identity>=16.0.0 in d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from scrapy) (17.0.0)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.10.0 in d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages (from scrapy) (1.11.0)
Collecting protego>=0.1.15 (from scrapy)
  Downloading https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/db/6e/bf6d5e4d7cf233b785719aaec2c38f027b9c2ed980a0015ec1a1cced4893/Protego-0.1.1
6.tar.gz (3.2MB)
     |█▌                              | 143kB 64kB/s eta 0:00:48ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 360, in _error_catcher
    yield
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 442, in read
    data = self._fp.read(amt)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\cachecontrol\filewrapper.py", line 62, in read
    data = self.__fp.read(amt)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\http\client.py", line 447, in read
    n = self.readinto(b)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\http\client.py", line 491, in readinto
    n = self.fp.readinto(b)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\socket.py", line 589, in readinto
    return self._sock.recv_into(b)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\ssl.py", line 1049, in recv_into
    return self.read(nbytes, buffer)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\ssl.py", line 908, in read
    return self._sslobj.read(len, buffer)
socket.timeout: The read operation timed out

During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\cli\base_command.py", line 178, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\commands\install.py", line 352, in run
    resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolve.py", line 131, in resolve
    self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolve.py", line 294, in _resolve_one
    abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\resolve.py", line 242, in _get_abstract_dist_for
    self.require_hashes
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\operations\prepare.py", line 347, in prepare_linked_requirement
    progress_bar=self.progress_bar
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 886, in unpack_url
    progress_bar=progress_bar
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 746, in unpack_http_url
    progress_bar)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 954, in _download_http_url
    _download_url(resp, link, content_file, hashes, progress_bar)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 683, in _download_url
    hashes.check_against_chunks(downloaded_chunks)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\hashes.py", line 62, in check_against_chunks
    for chunk in chunks:
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 651, in written_chunks
    for chunk in chunks:
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\utils\ui.py", line 156, in iter
    for x in it:
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_internal\download.py", line 640, in resp_read
    decode_content=False):
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 494, in stream
    data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 459, in read
    raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\contextlib.py", line 130, in __exit__
    self.gen.throw(type, value, traceback)
  File "d:\programdata\anaconda3\lib\site-packages\pip\_vendor\urllib3\response.py", line 365, in _error_catcher
    raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, 'Read timed out.')
pip._vendor.urllib3.exceptions.ReadTimeoutError: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='files.pythonhosted.org', port=443): Read timed out.
WARNING: You are using pip version 19.1.1, however version 19.3.1 is available.
You should consider upgrading via the 'python -m pip install --upgrade pip' command.

解决：

1. 安装时增加：--default-timeout=10000 时间可以自定义

pip install scrapy --default-timeout=10000

2. 更换国内源：清华

pip install scrapy -i https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/

阿里云： http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
中国科技大学： https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/
豆瓣(douban)： http://pypi.douban.com/simple/
清华大学： https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple/
中国科学技术大学： http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple/

4. 下载离线包：https://www.lfd.uci.edu/~gohlke/pythonlibs/