Functions of a Microprocessor

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Microprocessors perform a variety of function many electronic computing devices and embedded systems. As microprocessors act as the brain of all computing devices like computers, laptops, smartphones, autonomous vehicles, etc.

In this chapter, we will learn about some of the major functions that a microprocessor can perform.

Functions of Microprocessor

The major functions of a microprocessor are explained below with the help of examples −

Arithmetic Operations

It is the most fundamental function that a microprocessor performs. A microprocessor is capable in performing basic arithmetic calculations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are very important in many computing tasks such as solving math problems, enabling graphics, processing financial data, etc.

Some practical examples of arithmetic operations performed by microprocessors −

• Calculating the total of numbers
• Measuring distances in GPS-based navigation system
• Calculating interest rates in banking systems, etc.

Logical Operations

Logical operation is another key function that microprocessors perform. To perform logical operations, microprocessors compare two or more values and make a decision depending on the logical condition.

Examples of logical operations performed by microprocessors include −

• Verifying if a password is correct during login
• Sorting list of items based on specified parameters
• Filtering messages or emails as read/unread/spam/important based on keywords, etc.

Data Handling

Data handling is another important function that microprocessors perform. Data handling involves moving data among different parts of the system, storing, and retrieving data, etc.

Some of the practical examples of data handling in microprocessors include −

• Fetching data or webpages from a server
• Saving a document, pdf, image, or any other type of file
• Moving or copying photos or videos from a computer to a pen drive, etc.

Control Operations

Microprocessor also controls the flow of instruction and defines the sequence in which tasks will be performed. The following are examples of control operations that microprocessors perform −

• Controlling the speed of cooling fan in a laptop depending on the temperature
• Regulating temperature in a microwave oven
• Controlling the sequence of traffic lights depending on the traffic density, etc.

Instruction Execution

Instruction execution is the most fundamental function of a microprocessor. Microprocessors execute different kinds of instructions to perform specific tasks. For example,

• Opening a software like Microsoft Word in laptop
• Removing the background in an image
• Scanning a computer by using an antivirus, etc.

Interrupt Handling

Microprocessors also handle interrupts. This function of microprocessor allows to prioritize important tasks and temporarily stop other less important processes. For example,

• It pauses a video when battery is low
• When a message is received, it displays a pop-up notification
• Stops the printing process immediately, when cancel button is pressed, etc.

Power Management

Microprocessor also manages the power consumption by the system. It issues commands to put unused components into low-power state to save energy. For example,

• When the computer is not in use, it reduces the power consumed by processor, memory unit, peripherals, etc.
• It turns off the backlight of the screen when the device is inactive for a certain period.
• Reduces the cooling fan speed when device’s temperature is normal, etc.

Conclusion

From the above discussion, it is clear that a microprocessor is a multitasking device which is used in most modern electronic or computing devices. Its functions range from performing basic math calculations to managing data and controlling device operations.

The knowledge of these basic microprocessor functions described in this chapter will be helpful in understanding the operation of complex systems.