- Artificial Intelligence Tutorial
- AI - Home
- AI - Overview
- AI - History & Evolution
- AI - Types
- AI - Terminology
- AI - Tools & Frameworks
- AI - Applications
- AI - Real Life Examples
- AI - Ethics & Bias
- AI - Challenges
- Branches in AI
- AI - Research Areas
- AI - Machine Learning
- AI - Natural Language Processing
- AI - Computer Vision
- AI - Robotics
- AI - Fuzzy Logic Systems
- AI - Neural Networks
- AI - Evolutionary Computation
- AI - Swarm Intelligence
- AI - Cognitive Computing
- Intelligent Systems in AI
- AI - Intelligent Systems
- AI - Components of Intelligent Systems
- AI - Types of Intelligent Systems
- Agents & Environment
- AI - Agents and Environments
- Problem Solving in AI
- AI - Popular Search Algorithms
- AI - Constraint Satisfaction
- AI - Constraint Satisfaction Problem
- AI - Formal Representation of CSPs
- AI - Types of CSPs
- AI - Methods for Solving CSPs
- AI - Real-World Examples of CSPs
- Knowledge in AI
- AI - Knowledge Based Agent
- AI - Knowledge Representation
- AI - Knowledge Representation Techniques
- AI - Propositional Logic
- AI - Rules of Inference
- AI - First-order Logic
- AI - Inference Rules in First Order Logic
- AI - Knowledge Engineering in FOL
- AI - Unification in First Order Logic (FOL)
- AI - Resolution in First Order Logic (FOL)
- AI - Forward Chaining and backward chaining
- AI - Backward Chaining vs Forward Chaining
- Expert Systems in AI
- AI - Expert Systems
- AI - Applications of Expert Systems
- AI - Advantages & Limitations of Expert Systems
- AI - Applications
- AI - Predictive Analytics
- AI - Personalized Customer Experiences
- AI - Manufacturing Industry
- AI - Healthcare Breakthroughs
- AI - Decision Making
- AI - Business
- AI - Banking
- AI - Autonomous Vehicles
- AI - Automotive Industry
- AI - Data Analytics
- AI - Marketing
Artificial Intelligence - History & Evolution
Artificial Intelligence is a technology that makes machines replicate human intelligence. These machines can learn, make decisions, adapt, and perform tasks similar to humans. The history and evolution of AI is a journey that spans several decades. This chapter gives you a concise overview of key milestones throughout the years.
There is an assumption that Artificial Intelligence is a recent technology in the market, but in reality the groundwork of AI dates back to early 1900s, while the biggest innovations weren't made until 1950's.
Foundation of AI
The early 1900's, i.e., 1900-1950 is when there was a lot of buzz created regarding the idea of artificial humans. This made scientists of all sorts think if it was possible to create an artificial brain. Though most of them tried creating the simpler versions of robots. Some of the key milestones in this period are −
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1921 | Czech playwright Karel Capek released a science fiction play "Rossum's Universal Robots", where he introduced artificial people and named them robots. |
| 1943 | Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts created the first conceptual model of a neural network. |
Emergence of AI
The years from 1950-1956 marked the turning point for AI. Researchers and companies made Some of the key milestones in this period are −
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1950 | Alan Turing published "Computer Machinery and Intelligence" which proposed Turing test to measure the intelligence of a machine. |
| 1952 | Arthur Samuel is a computer scientist, who developed a program to play checkers, which improved its performance through experience. |
AI Revolution
The period from 1957-1973 was also commonly known as "Golden Age" as most researchers showed interest and enthusiasm to achieve remarkable advancements in the field. Some of the notable milestones in this period are −
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1957 | Frank Rosenblatt introduced perceptron, which was one of the early innovation for artificial neural networks. |
| 1958 | John McCarthy created LISP, the first programming language for AI research. |
| 1959 | Arthur Samuel used the term "Machine Learning" and defined it as intellectual computers that surpass humans in any task. |
| 1966 | Joseph Weizenbaum created ELIZA, that used natural language processing to make conversations with humans. |
| 1972 | Alain Colmerauer and Philippe Roussel developed prolog programming language. |
AI Winter
The initial AI winter occurred from 1974-1980 , which was quite a tough time for the improvement of AI. During this time, there was a substantial decrease in research funding which affected the interest on AI.
AI Boom
The time period from 1980-1987 showed a period of rapid growth and interest in AI. This happened because of both research breakthroughs and additional government funding to support the researchers. Some of the key milestones in this period are −
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1980 | The first expert systems, know as XCON came into the commercial market. |
| 1981 | The Japanese government alocated $850 million to the development of Fifth Generation Computer Project, to create computers that could translate, converse in human language and express reasoning on a human level. |
| 1984 | The AAAI warns about the incoming AI Winter, where the funding and interest would decrease significantly effecting the research. |
| 1986 | Ernst Dickmann and his team demonstrated the first self-driving cars, which drove up to 55kmph with no obstacles and human driver. |
AI Stagnation
The second AI winter took place from the years 1987-1993, where again investors and government stopped funding due to high cost and no efficient results.
AI Agents
The years between 1993-2011, there was a significant growth in AI, especially with the development of intelligent computer programs. In this era, professional focused on developing software to match human intelligence for specific tasks. Some of the key milestones in this period are −
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 1997 | Deep Blue was the first program to beat a human chess champion, Gray Kasparov. |
| 2000 | Professor Cynthia Breazeal the first robot named Kismetthat could simulate human emotions and had facial features similar to humans. |
| 2003 | NASA landed two rovers onto Mars, which navigated through the surface of the planet without human intervention. |
| 2006 | Companies such as Twitter, Facebook, and Netflix started using AI as part of advertising, business analysis, and user engagement. |
| 2011 | Apple released Siri, the first popular voice assistant. |
Artificial General Intelligence
From 2011 to present, unfolded significant advancements within AI domain. These achievements can linked to extensive data application, and the ongoing interest on artificial general intelligence(AGI). Some of the key milestones in this period are −
| Year | Milestone |
|---|---|
| 2012 | Google researchers Jeff Dean and Andrew Ng trained a neural network to recognize cats using unlabeled images without prior information. |
| 2016 | Hanson Robotics introduced Sophia, the first humanoid robot with realistic human features, emotion recognition, and communication abilities. |
| 2017 | Facebook programmed two AI Chatbot to communicate and learn to negotiate, but as the conversation went on they eventually stopped using English and started speaking their own language entirely on their own. |
| 2018 | A Chinese tech group Alibaba's language − processing AI won over human intellect on a Standford reading and comprehension test. |
| 2019 | Google's AlphaStar reached Grandmaster on the video game StarCraft 2 outperforming all but .2% of human players. |
| 2020 | OpenAI started beta testing GPT-3, a model that uses Deep Learning to create code, content, and other creative tasks. |
| 2021 | OpenAI developed Dall-E, which can generate images using the natural language as prompts. |
| 2022 | Dall-E was integrated with ChatGPT, showcasing AI's capacity to generate text and relevant images. |
| 2023 | Multimodal is another major breakthrough in AI. These models process all the data types like text, image, video, and audio simultaneously. |
| 2024 | Devin is the first AI software engineer still under development and SORA is another innovation of OpenAI which is an text-to-video model. |