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<!doctype html>
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<meta charset="utf-8">
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<title>sqlglot API documentation</title>
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<h2>API Documentation</h2>
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<a class="function" href="#parse_one">parse_one</a>
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<a class="function" href="#transpile">transpile</a>
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src="data:image/png;base64,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" alt="SQLGlot logo" /></p>
<p>SQLGlot is a no-dependency SQL parser, transpiler, optimizer, and engine. It can be used to format SQL or translate between <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/sqlglot/dialects/__init__.py">27 different dialects</a> like <a href="https://duckdb.org/">DuckDB</a>, <a href="https://prestodb.io/">Presto</a> / <a href="https://trino.io/">Trino</a>, <a href="https://spark.apache.org/">Spark</a> / <a href="https://www.databricks.com/">Databricks</a>, <a href="https://www.snowflake.com/en/">Snowflake</a>, and <a href="https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/">BigQuery</a>. It aims to read a wide variety of SQL inputs and output syntactically and semantically correct SQL in the targeted dialects.</p>
<p>It is a very comprehensive generic SQL parser with a robust <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/tests/">test suite</a>. It is also quite <a href="#benchmarks">performant</a>, while being written purely in Python.</p>
<p>You can easily <a href="#custom-dialects">customize</a> the parser, <a href="#metadata">analyze</a> queries, traverse expression trees, and programmatically <a href="#build-and-modify-sql">build</a> SQL.</p>
<p>SQLGlot can detect a variety of <a href="#parser-errors">syntax errors</a>, such as unbalanced parentheses, incorrect usage of reserved keywords, and so on. These errors are highlighted and dialect incompatibilities can warn or raise depending on configurations.</p>
<p>Learn more about SQLGlot in the API <a href="https://sqlglot.com/">documentation</a> and the expression tree <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/ast_primer.md">primer</a>.</p>
<p>Contributions are very welcome in SQLGlot; read the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md">contribution guide</a> and the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/onboarding.md">onboarding document</a> to get started!</p>
<h2 id="table-of-contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#install">Install</a></li>
<li><a href="#versioning">Versioning</a></li>
<li><a href="#get-in-touch">Get in Touch</a></li>
<li><a href="#faq">FAQ</a></li>
<li><a href="#examples">Examples</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#formatting-and-transpiling">Formatting and Transpiling</a></li>
<li><a href="#metadata">Metadata</a></li>
<li><a href="#parser-errors">Parser Errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#unsupported-errors">Unsupported Errors</a></li>
<li><a href="#build-and-modify-sql">Build and Modify SQL</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-optimizer">SQL Optimizer</a></li>
<li><a href="#ast-introspection">AST Introspection</a></li>
<li><a href="#ast-diff">AST Diff</a></li>
<li><a href="#custom-dialects">Custom Dialects</a></li>
<li><a href="#sql-execution">SQL Execution</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#used-by">Used By</a></li>
<li><a href="#documentation">Documentation</a></li>
<li><a href="#run-tests-and-lint">Run Tests and Lint</a></li>
<li><a href="#benchmarks">Benchmarks</a></li>
<li><a href="#optional-dependencies">Optional Dependencies</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="install">Install</h2>
<p>From PyPI:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code>pip3<span class="w"> </span>install<span class="w"> </span><span class="s2">"sqlglot[rs]"</span>
<span class="c1"># Without Rust tokenizer (slower):</span>
<span class="c1"># pip3 install sqlglot</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Or with a local checkout:</p>
<pre><code>make install
</code></pre>
<p>Requirements for development (optional):</p>
<pre><code>make install-dev
</code></pre>
<h2 id="versioning">Versioning</h2>
<p>Given a version number <code>MAJOR</code>.<code>MINOR</code>.<code>PATCH</code>, SQLGlot uses the following versioning strategy:</p>
<ul>
<li>The <code>PATCH</code> version is incremented when there are backwards-compatible fixes or feature additions.</li>
<li>The <code>MINOR</code> version is incremented when there are backwards-incompatible fixes or feature additions.</li>
<li>The <code>MAJOR</code> version is incremented when there are significant backwards-incompatible fixes or feature additions.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="get-in-touch">Get in Touch</h2>
<p>We'd love to hear from you. Join our community <a href="https://tobikodata.com/slack">Slack channel</a>!</p>
<h2 id="faq">FAQ</h2>
<p>I tried to parse SQL that should be valid but it failed, why did that happen?</p>
<ul>
<li>Most of the time, issues like this occur because the "source" dialect is omitted during parsing. For example, this is how to correctly parse a SQL query written in Spark SQL: <code>parse_one(sql, dialect="spark")</code> (alternatively: <code>read="spark"</code>). If no dialect is specified, <code><a href="#parse_one">parse_one</a></code> will attempt to parse the query according to the "SQLGlot dialect", which is designed to be a superset of all supported dialects. If you tried specifying the dialect and it still doesn't work, please file an issue.</li>
</ul>
<p>I tried to output SQL but it's not in the correct dialect!</p>
<ul>
<li>Like parsing, generating SQL also requires the target dialect to be specified, otherwise the SQLGlot dialect will be used by default. For example, to transpile a query from Spark SQL to DuckDB, do <code>parse_one(sql, dialect="spark").sql(dialect="duckdb")</code> (alternatively: <code>transpile(sql, read="spark", write="duckdb")</code>).</li>
</ul>
<p>What happened to sqlglot.dataframe?</p>
<ul>
<li>The PySpark dataframe api was moved to a standalone library called <a href="https://github.com/eakmanrq/sqlframe">SQLFrame</a> in v24. It now allows you to run queries as opposed to just generate SQL.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
<h3 id="formatting-and-transpiling">Formatting and Transpiling</h3>
<p>Easily translate from one dialect to another. For example, date/time functions vary between dialects and can be hard to deal with:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT EPOCH_MS(1618088028295)"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"duckdb"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1618088028295 / POW(10, 3))'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>SQLGlot can even translate custom time formats:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT STRFTIME(x, '%y-%-m-%S')"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"duckdb"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="ss">"SELECT DATE_FORMAT(x, 'yy-M-ss')"</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Identifier delimiters and data types can be translated as well:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="c1"># Spark SQL requires backticks (`) for delimited identifiers and uses `FLOAT` over `REAL`</span>
<span class="n">sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""WITH baz AS (SELECT a, c FROM foo WHERE a = 1) SELECT f.a, b.b, baz.c, CAST("b"."a" AS REAL) d FROM foo f JOIN bar b ON f.a = b.a LEFT JOIN baz ON f.a = baz.a"""</span>
<span class="c1"># Translates the query into Spark SQL, formats it, and delimits all of its identifiers</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"spark"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">identify</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pretty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">WITH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">WHERE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">1</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="k">c</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">FLOAT</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">d</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">foo</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="k">LEFT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">JOIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">f</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">baz</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="o">`</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="o">`</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Comments are also preserved on a best-effort basis:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">sql</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2">/* multi</span>
<span class="s2"> line</span>
<span class="s2"> comment</span>
<span class="s2">*/</span>
<span class="s2">SELECT</span>
<span class="s2"> tbl.cola /* comment 1 */ + tbl.colb /* comment 2 */,</span>
<span class="s2"> CAST(x AS SIGNED), # comment 3</span>
<span class="s2"> y -- comment 4</span>
<span class="s2">FROM</span>
<span class="s2"> bar /* comment 5 */,</span>
<span class="s2"> tbl # comment 6</span>
<span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="c1"># Note: MySQL-specific comments (`#`) are converted into standard syntax</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'mysql'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pretty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="cm">/* multi</span>
<span class="cm"> line</span>
<span class="cm"> comment</span>
<span class="cm">*/</span>
<span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tbl</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">cola</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 1 */</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tbl</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">colb</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 2 */</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">INT</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 3 */</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="n">y</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 4 */</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">bar</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 5 */</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">tbl</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cm">/* comment 6 */</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="metadata">Metadata</h3>
<p>You can explore SQL with expression helpers to do things like find columns and tables in a query:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exp</span>
<span class="c1"># print all column references (a and b)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">column</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a, b + 1 AS c FROM d"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">column</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias_or_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># find all projections in select statements (a and c)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">select</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a, b + 1 AS c FROM d"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Select</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">projection</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">select</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">projection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">alias_or_name</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># find all tables (x, y, z)</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">table</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT * FROM x JOIN y JOIN z"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">find_all</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Table</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">table</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Read the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/ast_primer.md">ast primer</a> to learn more about SQLGlot's internals.</p>
<h3 id="parser-errors">Parser Errors</h3>
<p>When the parser detects an error in the syntax, it raises a <code>ParseError</code>:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM t"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#ParseError">sqlglot.errors.ParseError</a>: Expecting ). Line 1, Col: 34.
SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM t
~
</code></pre>
<p>Structured syntax errors are accessible for programmatic use:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM t"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#ParseError">sqlglot.errors.ParseError</a></span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errors</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[{</span>
<span class="s1">'description'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'Expecting )'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'line'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'col'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">34</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'start_context'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'SELECT foo FROM (SELECT baz FROM '</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'highlight'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">'t'</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'end_context'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s1">''</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s1">'into_expression'</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">None</span>
<span class="p">}]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="unsupported-errors">Unsupported Errors</h3>
<p>It may not be possible to translate some queries between certain dialects. For these cases, SQLGlot may emit a warning and will proceed to do a best-effort translation by default:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT APPROX_DISTINCT(a, 0.1) FROM foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"presto"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">does</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">support</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">accuracy</span>
<span class="s1">'SELECT APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT(a) FROM foo'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>This behavior can be changed by setting the <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/b0e8dc96ba179edb1776647b5bde4e704238b44d/sqlglot/errors.py#L9"><code>unsupported_level</code></a> attribute. For example, we can set it to either <code>RAISE</code> or <code>IMMEDIATE</code> to ensure an exception is raised instead:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#transpile">sqlglot.transpile</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT APPROX_DISTINCT(a, 0.1) FROM foo"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"presto"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"hive"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">unsupported_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">sqlglot</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">RAISE</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code><a href="sqlglot/errors.html#UnsupportedError">sqlglot.errors.UnsupportedError</a>: APPROX_COUNT_DISTINCT does not support accuracy
</code></pre>
<p>There are queries that require additional information to be accurately transpiled, such as the schemas of the tables referenced in them. This is because certain transformations are type-sensitive, meaning that type inference is needed in order to understand their semantics. Even though the <code>qualify</code> and <code>annotate_types</code> optimizer <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/tree/main/sqlglot/optimizer">rules</a> can help with this, they are not used by default because they add significant overhead and complexity.</p>
<p>Transpilation is generally a hard problem, so SQLGlot employs an "incremental" approach to solving it. This means that there may be dialect pairs that currently lack support for some inputs, but this is expected to improve over time. We highly appreciate well-documented and tested issues or PRs, so feel free to <a href="#get-in-touch">reach out</a> if you need guidance!</p>
<h3 id="build-and-modify-sql">Build and Modify SQL</h3>
<p>SQLGlot supports incrementally building SQL expressions:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">select</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">condition</span>
<span class="n">where</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"x=1"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">and_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"y=1"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">select</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"*"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"y"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">where</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">where</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT * FROM y WHERE x = 1 AND y = 1'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>It's possible to modify a parsed tree:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT x FROM y"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">from_</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"z"</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT x FROM z'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Parsed expressions can also be transformed recursively by applying a mapping function to each node in the tree:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="n">expression_tree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a FROM x"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">transformer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">node</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">node</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">name</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s2">"a"</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"FUN(a)"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">node</span>
<span class="n">transformed_tree</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">expression_tree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transform</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">transformer</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">transformed_tree</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">()</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="s1">'SELECT FUN(a) FROM x'</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="sql-optimizer">SQL Optimizer</h3>
<p>SQLGlot can rewrite queries into an "optimized" form. It performs a variety of <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/sqlglot/optimizer/optimizer.py">techniques</a> to create a new canonical AST. This AST can be used to standardize queries or provide the foundations for implementing an actual engine. For example:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/optimizer.html">sqlglot.optimizer</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">optimize</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">optimize</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n"><a href="#parse_one">sqlglot.parse_one</a></span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"""</span>
<span class="s2"> SELECT A OR (B OR (C AND D))</span>
<span class="s2"> FROM x</span>
<span class="s2"> WHERE Z = date '2021-01-01' + INTERVAL '1' month OR 1 = 0</span>
<span class="s2"> """</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"x"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"A"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"B"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"C"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"D"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"Z"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"STRING"</span><span class="p">}}</span>
<span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pretty</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="k">SELECT</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"b"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"c"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"a"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"b"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"d"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"_col_0"</span>
<span class="k">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ss">"x"</span>
<span class="k">WHERE</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">"x"</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="ss">"z"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">DATE</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">CAST</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'2021-02-01'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">DATE</span><span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="ast-introspection">AST Introspection</h3>
<p>You can see the AST version of the parsed SQL by calling <code>repr</code>:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a + 1 AS z"</span><span class="p">)))</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">Select</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">expressions</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">Alias</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Literal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">is_string</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">alias</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">z</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">))])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<h3 id="ast-diff">AST Diff</h3>
<p>SQLGlot can calculate the semantic difference between two expressions and output changes in a form of a sequence of actions needed to transform a source expression into a target one:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">diff</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span>
<span class="n">diff</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT a + b, c, d"</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"SELECT c, a - b, d"</span><span class="p">))</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="p">[</span>
<span class="n">Remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Add</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)))),</span>
<span class="n">Insert</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Sub</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">expression</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)))),</span>
<span class="n">Keep</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="n">source</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">)),</span>
<span class="n">target</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Column</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">Identifier</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">this</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">quoted</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">))),</span>
<span class="o">...</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>See also: <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/sql_diff.md">Semantic Diff for SQL</a>.</p>
<h3 id="custom-dialects">Custom Dialects</h3>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/tree/main/sqlglot/dialects">Dialects</a> can be added by subclassing <code>Dialect</code>:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">exp</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/generator.html">sqlglot.generator</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Generator</span>
<span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/tokens.html">sqlglot.tokens</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Custom</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">QUOTES</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"'"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s1">'"'</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">IDENTIFIERS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"`"</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">KEYWORDS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="o">**</span><span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">KEYWORDS</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BIGINT</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="s2">"FLOAT64"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DOUBLE</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Generator</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Generator</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">TRANSFORMS</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="k">lambda</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">e</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"[</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expressions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">]"</span><span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">TYPE_MAPPING</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TINYINT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SMALLINT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">INT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BIGINT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"INT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DECIMAL</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"NUMERIC"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">FLOAT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"FLOAT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DOUBLE</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"FLOAT64"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BOOLEAN</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"BOOL"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DataType</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TEXT</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">"STRING"</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s2">"custom"</span><span class="p">])</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<pre><code><class '__main__.Custom'>
</code></pre>
<h3 id="sql-execution">SQL Execution</h3>
<p>SQLGlot is able to interpret SQL queries, where the tables are represented as Python dictionaries. The engine is not supposed to be fast, but it can be useful for unit testing and running SQL natively across Python objects. Additionally, the foundation can be easily integrated with fast compute kernels, such as <a href="https://arrow.apache.org/docs/index.html">Arrow</a> and <a href="https://pandas.pydata.org/">Pandas</a>.</p>
<p>The example below showcases the execution of a query that involves aggregations and joins:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn"><a href="sqlglot/executor.html">sqlglot.executor</a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">execute</span>
<span class="n">tables</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="s2">"sushi"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"price"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">1.0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"price"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"price"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">3.0</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s2">"order_items"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"sushi_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"order_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="s2">"orders"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"user_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">"id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"user_id"</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span>
<span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
<span class="sd"> SELECT</span>
<span class="sd"> o.user_id,</span>
<span class="sd"> SUM(s.price) AS price</span>
<span class="sd"> FROM orders o</span>
<span class="sd"> JOIN order_items i</span>
<span class="sd"> ON o.id = i.order_id</span>
<span class="sd"> JOIN sushi s</span>
<span class="sd"> ON i.sushi_id = s.id</span>
<span class="sd"> GROUP BY o.user_id</span>
<span class="sd"> """</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">tables</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">tables</span>
<span class="p">)</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">user_id</span> <span class="n">price</span>
<span class="mi">1</span> <span class="mf">4.0</span>
<span class="mi">2</span> <span class="mf">3.0</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<p>See also: <a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/posts/python_sql_engine.md">Writing a Python SQL engine from scratch</a>.</p>
<h2 id="used-by">Used By</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://github.com/TobikoData/sqlmesh">SQLMesh</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/apache/superset">Apache Superset</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/dagster-io/dagster">Dagster</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/fugue-project/fugue">Fugue</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/ibis-project/ibis">Ibis</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/dlt-hub/dlt">dlt</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/kelsin/mysql-mimic">mysql-mimic</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/pinterest/querybook">Querybook</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/marsupialtail/quokka">Quokka</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/moj-analytical-services/splink">Splink</a></li>
<li><a href="https://github.com/eakmanrq/sqlframe">SQLFrame</a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="documentation">Documentation</h2>
<p>SQLGlot uses <a href="https://pdoc.dev/">pdoc</a> to serve its API documentation.</p>
<p>A hosted version is on the <a href="https://sqlglot.com/">SQLGlot website</a>, or you can build locally with:</p>
<pre><code>make docs-serve
</code></pre>
<h2 id="run-tests-and-lint">Run Tests and Lint</h2>
<pre><code>make style # Only linter checks
make unit # Only unit tests (or unit-rs, to use the Rust tokenizer)
make test # Unit and integration tests (or test-rs, to use the Rust tokenizer)
make check # Full test suite & linter checks
</code></pre>
<h2 id="benchmarks">Benchmarks</h2>
<p><a href="https://github.com/tobymao/sqlglot/blob/main/benchmarks/bench.py">Benchmarks</a> run on Python 3.10.12 in seconds.</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Query</th>
<th>sqlglot</th>
<th>sqlglotrs</th>
<th>sqlfluff</th>
<th>sqltree</th>
<th>sqlparse</th>
<th>moz_sql_parser</th>
<th>sqloxide</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>tpch</td>
<td>0.00944 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.00590 (0.625)</td>
<td>0.32116 (33.98)</td>
<td>0.00693 (0.734)</td>
<td>0.02858 (3.025)</td>
<td>0.03337 (3.532)</td>
<td>0.00073 (0.077)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>0.00065 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.00044 (0.687)</td>
<td>0.03511 (53.82)</td>
<td>0.00049 (0.759)</td>
<td>0.00163 (2.506)</td>
<td>0.00234 (3.601)</td>
<td>0.00005 (0.073)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long</td>
<td>0.00889 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.00572 (0.643)</td>
<td>0.36982 (41.56)</td>
<td>0.00614 (0.690)</td>
<td>0.02530 (2.844)</td>
<td>0.02931 (3.294)</td>
<td>0.00059 (0.066)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>crazy</td>
<td>0.02918 (1.0)</td>
<td>0.01991 (0.682)</td>
<td>1.88695 (64.66)</td>
<td>0.02003 (0.686)</td>
<td>7.46894 (255.9)</td>
<td>0.64994 (22.27)</td>
<td>0.00327 (0.112)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<pre><code>make bench # Run parsing benchmark
make bench-optimize # Run optimization benchmark
</code></pre>
<h2 id="optional-dependencies">Optional Dependencies</h2>
<p>SQLGlot uses <a href="https://github.com/dateutil/dateutil">dateutil</a> to simplify literal timedelta expressions. The optimizer will not simplify expressions like the following if the module cannot be found:</p>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite">
<pre><span></span><code><span class="n">x</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">+</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">interval</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s1">'1'</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">month</span>
</code></pre>
</div>
<hr />
</div>
<input id="mod-sqlglot-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<label class="view-source-button" for="mod-sqlglot-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="L-1"><a href="#L-1"><span class="linenos"> 1</span></a><span class="c1"># ruff: noqa: F401</span>
</span><span id="L-2"><a href="#L-2"><span class="linenos"> 2</span></a><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-3"><a href="#L-3"><span class="linenos"> 3</span></a><span class="sd">.. include:: ../README.md</span>
</span><span id="L-4"><a href="#L-4"><span class="linenos"> 4</span></a>
</span><span id="L-5"><a href="#L-5"><span class="linenos"> 5</span></a><span class="sd">----</span>
</span><span id="L-6"><a href="#L-6"><span class="linenos"> 6</span></a><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-7"><a href="#L-7"><span class="linenos"> 7</span></a>
</span><span id="L-8"><a href="#L-8"><span class="linenos"> 8</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">__future__</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">annotations</span>
</span><span id="L-9"><a href="#L-9"><span class="linenos"> 9</span></a>
</span><span id="L-10"><a href="#L-10"><span class="linenos"> 10</span></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">logging</span>
</span><span id="L-11"><a href="#L-11"><span class="linenos"> 11</span></a><span class="kn">import</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">typing</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">t</span>
</span><span id="L-12"><a href="#L-12"><span class="linenos"> 12</span></a>
</span><span id="L-13"><a href="#L-13"><span class="linenos"> 13</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">expressions</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">exp</span>
</span><span id="L-14"><a href="#L-14"><span class="linenos"> 14</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Dialects</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Dialects</span>
</span><span id="L-15"><a href="#L-15"><span class="linenos"> 15</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.diff</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">diff</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">diff</span>
</span><span id="L-16"><a href="#L-16"><span class="linenos"> 16</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.errors</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-17"><a href="#L-17"><span class="linenos"> 17</span></a> <span class="n">ErrorLevel</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-18"><a href="#L-18"><span class="linenos"> 18</span></a> <span class="n">ParseError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-19"><a href="#L-19"><span class="linenos"> 19</span></a> <span class="n">TokenError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">TokenError</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-20"><a href="#L-20"><span class="linenos"> 20</span></a> <span class="n">UnsupportedError</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">UnsupportedError</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-21"><a href="#L-21"><span class="linenos"> 21</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-22"><a href="#L-22"><span class="linenos"> 22</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.expressions</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-23"><a href="#L-23"><span class="linenos"> 23</span></a> <span class="n">Expression</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-24"><a href="#L-24"><span class="linenos"> 24</span></a> <span class="n">alias_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">alias</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-25"><a href="#L-25"><span class="linenos"> 25</span></a> <span class="n">and_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">and_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-26"><a href="#L-26"><span class="linenos"> 26</span></a> <span class="n">case</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">case</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-27"><a href="#L-27"><span class="linenos"> 27</span></a> <span class="n">cast</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">cast</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-28"><a href="#L-28"><span class="linenos"> 28</span></a> <span class="n">column</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">column</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-29"><a href="#L-29"><span class="linenos"> 29</span></a> <span class="n">condition</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">condition</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-30"><a href="#L-30"><span class="linenos"> 30</span></a> <span class="n">delete</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">delete</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-31"><a href="#L-31"><span class="linenos"> 31</span></a> <span class="n">except_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">except_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-32"><a href="#L-32"><span class="linenos"> 32</span></a> <span class="n">from_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">from_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-33"><a href="#L-33"><span class="linenos"> 33</span></a> <span class="n">func</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">func</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-34"><a href="#L-34"><span class="linenos"> 34</span></a> <span class="n">insert</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">insert</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-35"><a href="#L-35"><span class="linenos"> 35</span></a> <span class="n">intersect</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">intersect</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-36"><a href="#L-36"><span class="linenos"> 36</span></a> <span class="n">maybe_parse</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">maybe_parse</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-37"><a href="#L-37"><span class="linenos"> 37</span></a> <span class="n">merge</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">merge</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-38"><a href="#L-38"><span class="linenos"> 38</span></a> <span class="n">not_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">not_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-39"><a href="#L-39"><span class="linenos"> 39</span></a> <span class="n">or_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">or_</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-40"><a href="#L-40"><span class="linenos"> 40</span></a> <span class="n">select</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">select</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-41"><a href="#L-41"><span class="linenos"> 41</span></a> <span class="n">subquery</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">subquery</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-42"><a href="#L-42"><span class="linenos"> 42</span></a> <span class="n">table_</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">table</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-43"><a href="#L-43"><span class="linenos"> 43</span></a> <span class="n">to_column</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">to_column</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-44"><a href="#L-44"><span class="linenos"> 44</span></a> <span class="n">to_identifier</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">to_identifier</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-45"><a href="#L-45"><span class="linenos"> 45</span></a> <span class="n">to_table</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">to_table</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-46"><a href="#L-46"><span class="linenos"> 46</span></a> <span class="n">union</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">union</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-47"><a href="#L-47"><span class="linenos"> 47</span></a><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-48"><a href="#L-48"><span class="linenos"> 48</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.generator</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Generator</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Generator</span>
</span><span id="L-49"><a href="#L-49"><span class="linenos"> 49</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.parser</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Parser</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Parser</span>
</span><span id="L-50"><a href="#L-50"><span class="linenos"> 50</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.schema</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">MappingSchema</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">MappingSchema</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Schema</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Schema</span>
</span><span id="L-51"><a href="#L-51"><span class="linenos"> 51</span></a><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.tokens</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Token</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Token</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Tokenizer</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">Tokenizer</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">TokenType</span>
</span><span id="L-52"><a href="#L-52"><span class="linenos"> 52</span></a>
</span><span id="L-53"><a href="#L-53"><span class="linenos"> 53</span></a><span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">TYPE_CHECKING</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-54"><a href="#L-54"><span class="linenos"> 54</span></a> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot._typing</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">E</span>
</span><span id="L-55"><a href="#L-55"><span class="linenos"> 55</span></a> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot.dialects.dialect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span>
</span><span id="L-56"><a href="#L-56"><span class="linenos"> 56</span></a>
</span><span id="L-57"><a href="#L-57"><span class="linenos"> 57</span></a><span class="n">logger</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">logging</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getLogger</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">"sqlglot"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-58"><a href="#L-58"><span class="linenos"> 58</span></a>
</span><span id="L-59"><a href="#L-59"><span class="linenos"> 59</span></a>
</span><span id="L-60"><a href="#L-60"><span class="linenos"> 60</span></a><span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-61"><a href="#L-61"><span class="linenos"> 61</span></a> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">sqlglot._version</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">__version__</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">__version_tuple__</span>
</span><span id="L-62"><a href="#L-62"><span class="linenos"> 62</span></a><span class="k">except</span> <span class="ne">ImportError</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-63"><a href="#L-63"><span class="linenos"> 63</span></a> <span class="n">logger</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">error</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-64"><a href="#L-64"><span class="linenos"> 64</span></a> <span class="s2">"Unable to set __version__, run `pip install -e .` or `python setup.py develop` first."</span>
</span><span id="L-65"><a href="#L-65"><span class="linenos"> 65</span></a> <span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-66"><a href="#L-66"><span class="linenos"> 66</span></a>
</span><span id="L-67"><a href="#L-67"><span class="linenos"> 67</span></a>
</span><span id="L-68"><a href="#L-68"><span class="linenos"> 68</span></a><span class="n">pretty</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
</span><span id="L-69"><a href="#L-69"><span class="linenos"> 69</span></a><span class="sd">"""Whether to format generated SQL by default."""</span>
</span><span id="L-70"><a href="#L-70"><span class="linenos"> 70</span></a>
</span><span id="L-71"><a href="#L-71"><span class="linenos"> 71</span></a>
</span><span id="L-72"><a href="#L-72"><span class="linenos"> 72</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Token</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="L-73"><a href="#L-73"><span class="linenos"> 73</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-74"><a href="#L-74"><span class="linenos"> 74</span></a><span class="sd"> Tokenizes the given SQL string.</span>
</span><span id="L-75"><a href="#L-75"><span class="linenos"> 75</span></a>
</span><span id="L-76"><a href="#L-76"><span class="linenos"> 76</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-77"><a href="#L-77"><span class="linenos"> 77</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to tokenize.</span>
</span><span id="L-78"><a href="#L-78"><span class="linenos"> 78</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during tokenizing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-79"><a href="#L-79"><span class="linenos"> 79</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="L-80"><a href="#L-80"><span class="linenos"> 80</span></a>
</span><span id="L-81"><a href="#L-81"><span class="linenos"> 81</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-82"><a href="#L-82"><span class="linenos"> 82</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting list of tokens.</span>
</span><span id="L-83"><a href="#L-83"><span class="linenos"> 83</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-84"><a href="#L-84"><span class="linenos"> 84</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-85"><a href="#L-85"><span class="linenos"> 85</span></a>
</span><span id="L-86"><a href="#L-86"><span class="linenos"> 86</span></a>
</span><span id="L-87"><a href="#L-87"><span class="linenos"> 87</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">parse</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-88"><a href="#L-88"><span class="linenos"> 88</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span>
</span><span id="L-89"><a href="#L-89"><span class="linenos"> 89</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">]]:</span>
</span><span id="L-90"><a href="#L-90"><span class="linenos"> 90</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-91"><a href="#L-91"><span class="linenos"> 91</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string into a collection of syntax trees, one per parsed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-92"><a href="#L-92"><span class="linenos"> 92</span></a>
</span><span id="L-93"><a href="#L-93"><span class="linenos"> 93</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-94"><a href="#L-94"><span class="linenos"> 94</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to parse.</span>
</span><span id="L-95"><a href="#L-95"><span class="linenos"> 95</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-96"><a href="#L-96"><span class="linenos"> 96</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="L-97"><a href="#L-97"><span class="linenos"> 97</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.parser.Parser` options.</span>
</span><span id="L-98"><a href="#L-98"><span class="linenos"> 98</span></a>
</span><span id="L-99"><a href="#L-99"><span class="linenos"> 99</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-100"><a href="#L-100"><span class="linenos">100</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting syntax tree collection.</span>
</span><span id="L-101"><a href="#L-101"><span class="linenos">101</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-102"><a href="#L-102"><span class="linenos">102</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-103"><a href="#L-103"><span class="linenos">103</span></a>
</span><span id="L-104"><a href="#L-104"><span class="linenos">104</span></a>
</span><span id="L-105"><a href="#L-105"><span class="linenos">105</span></a><span class="nd">@t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">overload</span>
</span><span id="L-106"><a href="#L-106"><span class="linenos">106</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">E</span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">E</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="L-107"><a href="#L-107"><span class="linenos">107</span></a>
</span><span id="L-108"><a href="#L-108"><span class="linenos">108</span></a>
</span><span id="L-109"><a href="#L-109"><span class="linenos">109</span></a><span class="nd">@t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">overload</span>
</span><span id="L-110"><a href="#L-110"><span class="linenos">110</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span>
</span><span id="L-111"><a href="#L-111"><span class="linenos">111</span></a>
</span><span id="L-112"><a href="#L-112"><span class="linenos">112</span></a>
</span><span id="L-113"><a href="#L-113"><span class="linenos">113</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">parse_one</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-114"><a href="#L-114"><span class="linenos">114</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-115"><a href="#L-115"><span class="linenos">115</span></a> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-116"><a href="#L-116"><span class="linenos">116</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-117"><a href="#L-117"><span class="linenos">117</span></a> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">exp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">IntoType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-118"><a href="#L-118"><span class="linenos">118</span></a> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-119"><a href="#L-119"><span class="linenos">119</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-120"><a href="#L-120"><span class="linenos">120</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-121"><a href="#L-121"><span class="linenos">121</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string and returns a syntax tree for the first parsed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-122"><a href="#L-122"><span class="linenos">122</span></a>
</span><span id="L-123"><a href="#L-123"><span class="linenos">123</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-124"><a href="#L-124"><span class="linenos">124</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to parse.</span>
</span><span id="L-125"><a href="#L-125"><span class="linenos">125</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during parsing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-126"><a href="#L-126"><span class="linenos">126</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read)</span>
</span><span id="L-127"><a href="#L-127"><span class="linenos">127</span></a><span class="sd"> into: the SQLGlot Expression to parse into.</span>
</span><span id="L-128"><a href="#L-128"><span class="linenos">128</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.parser.Parser` options.</span>
</span><span id="L-129"><a href="#L-129"><span class="linenos">129</span></a>
</span><span id="L-130"><a href="#L-130"><span class="linenos">130</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-131"><a href="#L-131"><span class="linenos">131</span></a><span class="sd"> The syntax tree for the first parsed statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-132"><a href="#L-132"><span class="linenos">132</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-133"><a href="#L-133"><span class="linenos">133</span></a>
</span><span id="L-134"><a href="#L-134"><span class="linenos">134</span></a> <span class="n">dialect</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-135"><a href="#L-135"><span class="linenos">135</span></a>
</span><span id="L-136"><a href="#L-136"><span class="linenos">136</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">into</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-137"><a href="#L-137"><span class="linenos">137</span></a> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse_into</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">into</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-138"><a href="#L-138"><span class="linenos">138</span></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-139"><a href="#L-139"><span class="linenos">139</span></a> <span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-140"><a href="#L-140"><span class="linenos">140</span></a>
</span><span id="L-141"><a href="#L-141"><span class="linenos">141</span></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-142"><a href="#L-142"><span class="linenos">142</span></a> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-143"><a href="#L-143"><span class="linenos">143</span></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"No expression was parsed from '</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-144"><a href="#L-144"><span class="linenos">144</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">expression</span>
</span><span id="L-145"><a href="#L-145"><span class="linenos">145</span></a> <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
</span><span id="L-146"><a href="#L-146"><span class="linenos">146</span></a> <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="n">ParseError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"No expression was parsed from '</span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">'"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-147"><a href="#L-147"><span class="linenos">147</span></a>
</span><span id="L-148"><a href="#L-148"><span class="linenos">148</span></a>
</span><span id="L-149"><a href="#L-149"><span class="linenos">149</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">transpile</span><span class="p">(</span>
</span><span id="L-150"><a href="#L-150"><span class="linenos">150</span></a> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-151"><a href="#L-151"><span class="linenos">151</span></a> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-152"><a href="#L-152"><span class="linenos">152</span></a> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-153"><a href="#L-153"><span class="linenos">153</span></a> <span class="n">identity</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">bool</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-154"><a href="#L-154"><span class="linenos">154</span></a> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">ErrorLevel</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-155"><a href="#L-155"><span class="linenos">155</span></a> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">,</span>
</span><span id="L-156"><a href="#L-156"><span class="linenos">156</span></a><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="L-157"><a href="#L-157"><span class="linenos">157</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="L-158"><a href="#L-158"><span class="linenos">158</span></a><span class="sd"> Parses the given SQL string in accordance with the source dialect and returns a list of SQL strings transformed</span>
</span><span id="L-159"><a href="#L-159"><span class="linenos">159</span></a><span class="sd"> to conform to the target dialect. Each string in the returned list represents a single transformed SQL statement.</span>
</span><span id="L-160"><a href="#L-160"><span class="linenos">160</span></a>
</span><span id="L-161"><a href="#L-161"><span class="linenos">161</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="L-162"><a href="#L-162"><span class="linenos">162</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to transpile.</span>
</span><span id="L-163"><a href="#L-163"><span class="linenos">163</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the source dialect used to parse the input string (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-164"><a href="#L-164"><span class="linenos">164</span></a><span class="sd"> write: the target dialect into which the input should be transformed (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="L-165"><a href="#L-165"><span class="linenos">165</span></a><span class="sd"> identity: if set to `True` and if the target dialect is not specified the source dialect will be used as both:</span>
</span><span id="L-166"><a href="#L-166"><span class="linenos">166</span></a><span class="sd"> the source and the target dialect.</span>
</span><span id="L-167"><a href="#L-167"><span class="linenos">167</span></a><span class="sd"> error_level: the desired error level of the parser.</span>
</span><span id="L-168"><a href="#L-168"><span class="linenos">168</span></a><span class="sd"> **opts: other `sqlglot.generator.Generator` options.</span>
</span><span id="L-169"><a href="#L-169"><span class="linenos">169</span></a>
</span><span id="L-170"><a href="#L-170"><span class="linenos">170</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="L-171"><a href="#L-171"><span class="linenos">171</span></a><span class="sd"> The list of transpiled SQL statements.</span>
</span><span id="L-172"><a href="#L-172"><span class="linenos">172</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="L-173"><a href="#L-173"><span class="linenos">173</span></a> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="ow">is</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">identity</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="n">write</span>
</span><span id="L-174"><a href="#L-174"><span class="linenos">174</span></a> <span class="n">write</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-175"><a href="#L-175"><span class="linenos">175</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="p">[</span>
</span><span id="L-176"><a href="#L-176"><span class="linenos">176</span></a> <span class="n">write</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">generate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">expression</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">copy</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">False</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="s2">""</span>
</span><span id="L-177"><a href="#L-177"><span class="linenos">177</span></a> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">expression</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">parse</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">error_level</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">error_level</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span><span id="L-178"><a href="#L-178"><span class="linenos">178</span></a> <span class="p">]</span>
</span></pre></div>
</section>
<section id="logger">
<div class="attr variable">
<span class="name">logger</span> =
<span class="default_value"><Logger sqlglot (WARNING)></span>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#logger"></a>
</section>
<section id="pretty">
<div class="attr variable">
<span class="name">pretty</span> =
<span class="default_value">False</span>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#pretty"></a>
<div class="docstring"><p>Whether to format generated SQL by default.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section id="tokenize">
<input id="tokenize-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">tokenize</span><span class="signature pdoc-code multiline">(<span class="param"> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span></span><span class="return-annotation">) -> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/tokens.html#Token">sqlglot.tokens.Token</a></span><span class="p">]</span>:</span></span>
<label class="view-source-button" for="tokenize-view-source"><span>View Source</span></label>
</div>
<a class="headerlink" href="#tokenize"></a>
<div class="pdoc-code codehilite"><pre><span></span><span id="tokenize-73"><a href="#tokenize-73"><span class="linenos">73</span></a><span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">DialectType</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">t</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Token</span><span class="p">]:</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-74"><a href="#tokenize-74"><span class="linenos">74</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sd">"""</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-75"><a href="#tokenize-75"><span class="linenos">75</span></a><span class="sd"> Tokenizes the given SQL string.</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-76"><a href="#tokenize-76"><span class="linenos">76</span></a>
</span><span id="tokenize-77"><a href="#tokenize-77"><span class="linenos">77</span></a><span class="sd"> Args:</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-78"><a href="#tokenize-78"><span class="linenos">78</span></a><span class="sd"> sql: the SQL code string to tokenize.</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-79"><a href="#tokenize-79"><span class="linenos">79</span></a><span class="sd"> read: the SQL dialect to apply during tokenizing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-80"><a href="#tokenize-80"><span class="linenos">80</span></a><span class="sd"> dialect: the SQL dialect (alias for read).</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-81"><a href="#tokenize-81"><span class="linenos">81</span></a>
</span><span id="tokenize-82"><a href="#tokenize-82"><span class="linenos">82</span></a><span class="sd"> Returns:</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-83"><a href="#tokenize-83"><span class="linenos">83</span></a><span class="sd"> The resulting list of tokens.</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-84"><a href="#tokenize-84"><span class="linenos">84</span></a><span class="sd"> """</span>
</span><span id="tokenize-85"><a href="#tokenize-85"><span class="linenos">85</span></a> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">Dialect</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_or_raise</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">read</span> <span class="ow">or</span> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">tokenize</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">)</span>
</span></pre></div>
<div class="docstring"><p>Tokenizes the given SQL string.</p>
<h6 id="arguments">Arguments:</h6>
<ul>
<li><strong>sql:</strong> the SQL code string to tokenize.</li>
<li><strong>read:</strong> the SQL dialect to apply during tokenizing (eg. "spark", "hive", "presto", "mysql").</li>
<li><strong>dialect:</strong> the SQL dialect (alias for read).</li>
</ul>
<h6 id="returns">Returns:</h6>
<blockquote>
<p>The resulting list of tokens.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</section>
<section id="parse">
<input id="parse-view-source" class="view-source-toggle-state" type="checkbox" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1">
<div class="attr function">
<span class="def">def</span>
<span class="name">parse</span><span class="signature pdoc-code multiline">(<span class="param"> <span class="n">sql</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">str</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="n">dialect</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">Union</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Type</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/dialects.html#Dialect">sqlglot.dialects.Dialect</a></span><span class="p">],</span> <span class="n">NoneType</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span>,</span><span class="param"> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">opts</span></span><span class="return-annotation">) -> <span class="n">List</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">Optional</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n"><a href="sqlglot/expressions.html#Expression">sqlglot.expressions.Expression</a></span><span class="p">]]</span>:</span></span>