Upgrade Mage to Ubuntu 24.04

[DavIvek]

Description

We need to upgrade from Debian 11 to Ubuntu 24.04 to accommodate Memgraph binaries built with toolchain v6 and to ensure security support with Ubuntu 24.04.
This PR is blocked by memgraph/memgraph#2638.

Pull request type

• Bugfix
• Algorithm/Module
• Feature
• Code style update (formatting, renaming)
• Refactoring (no functional changes, no api changes)
• Build related changes
• Documentation content changes
• Other (please describe):

Reviewer checklist (the reviewer checks this part)

Module/Algorithm

• Core algorithm/module implementation
• Query module implementation
• Tests provided (unit / e2e)
• Code documentation
• README short description

Documentation checklist

• Add the documentation label tag
• Add the bug / feature label tag
• Add the milestone for which this feature is intended
  • If not known, set for a later milestone
• Write a release note, including added/changed clauses
  • The base Docker image has been switched from Debian 11 to Ubuntu 24.04 to ensure compatibility with toolchain v6 and long-term security support. 535
• Link the documentation PR here
  • [Documentation PR link]
• Tag someone from docs team in the comments

[sonarqubecloud]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
0.0% Coverage on New Code
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud