if you like the project. Pull Request are highly appreciated.*
-
-### Table of Contents
+## Table of Contents
* *[Java 8 Interview Questions](java8-questions.md)*
* *[Multithreading Interview Questions](multithreading-questions.md)*
@@ -20,6 +19,7 @@
## Q. ***What are the types of Exceptions? Explain the hierarchy of Java Exception classes?*** + Exception is an error event that can happen during the execution of a program and disrupts its normal flow. **Types of Java Exceptions** @@ -33,8 +33,8 @@ The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy whic
-
Example:
+
```java
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.FileNotFoundException;
@@ -84,18 +84,19 @@ public class CustomExceptionExample {
}
}
```
+
## Q. ***What is the difference between aggregation and composition?***
-
**Aggregation**: We call aggregation those relationships whose **objects have an independent lifecycle, but there is ownership**, and child objects cannot belong to another parent object.
Example: Since Organization has Person as employees, the relationship between them is Aggregation. Here is how they look like in terms of Java classes
+
```java
public class Organization {
private List employees;
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ public class Person {
**Composition**: We use the term composition to refer to relationships whose objects **don’t have an independent lifecycle**, and if the parent object is deleted, all child objects will also be deleted.
Example: Since Engine is-part-of Car, the relationship between them is Composition. Here is how they are implemented between Java classes.
+
```java
public class Car {
//final will make sure engine is initialized
@@ -140,10 +142,11 @@ class Engine {
*Note: "final" keyword is used in Composition to make sure child variable is initialized.*
## Q. ***What is difference between Heap and Stack Memory in java?***
+
**Java Heap Space**
Java Heap space is used by java runtime to allocate memory to Objects and JRE classes. Whenever we create any object, it’s always created in the Heap space.
@@ -172,28 +175,31 @@ As soon as method ends, the block becomes unused and become available for next m
|Allocation/Deallocation| This Memory is automatically allocated and deallocated when a method is called and returned respectively|Heap space is allocated when new objects are created and deallocated by Gargabe Collector when they are no longer referenced |
## Q. ***What is JVM and is it platform independent?***
+
Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a specification that provides runtime environment in which java bytecode(.class files) can be executed. The JVM is the platform. The JVM acts as a "virtual" machine or processor. Java's platform independence consists mostly of its Java Virtual Machine (JVM). JVM makes this possible because it is aware of the specific instruction lengths and other particularities of the platform (Operating System).
The JVM is not platform independent. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) provides the environment to execute the java file(. Class file). So at the end it's depends on kernel and kernel is differ from OS (Operating System) to OS. The JVM is used to both translate the bytecode into the machine language for a particular computer and actually execute the corresponding machine-language instructions as well.
## Q. ***What is JIT compiler in Java?***
+
The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler is a component of the runtime environment that improves the performance of Java applications by compiling bytecodes to native machine code at run time.
Java programs consists of classes, which contain platform-neutral bytecodes that can be interpreted by a JVM on many different computer architectures. At run time, the JVM loads the class files, determines the semantics of each individual bytecode, and performs the appropriate computation. The additional processor and memory usage during interpretation means that a Java application performs more slowly than a native application. The JIT compiler helps improve the performance of Java programs by compiling bytecodes into native machine code at run time. The JIT compiler is enabled by default. When a method has been compiled, the JVM calls the compiled code of that method directly instead of interpreting it.
## Q. ***What is Classloader in Java? What are different types of classloaders?***
+
The **Java ClassLoader** is a part of the Java Runtime Environment that dynamically loads Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine. Java code is compiled into class file by javac compiler and JVM executes Java program, by executing byte codes written in class file. ClassLoader is responsible for loading class files from file system, network or any other source.
**Types of ClassLoader**
@@ -205,27 +211,29 @@ The **Java ClassLoader** is a part of the Java Runtime Environment that dynamica
**c) System Class Loader**: It loads application specific classes from the CLASSPATH environment variable. It can be set while invoking program using -cp or classpath command line options.
## Q. ***Java Compiler is stored in JDK, JRE or JVM?***
+
**JDK**: Java Development Kit is the core component of Java Environment and provides all the tools, executables and binaries required to compile, debug and execute a Java Program.
**JVM**: JVM is responsible for converting Byte code to the machine specific code. JVM is also platform dependent and provides core java functions like memory management, garbage collection, security etc. JVM is customizable and we can use java options to customize it, for example allocating minimum and maximum memory to JVM. JVM is called virtual because it provides an interface that does not depend on the underlying operating system and machine hardware.
**JRE**: Java Runtime Environment provides a platform to execute java programs. JRE consists of JVM and java binaries and other classes to execute any program successfully.
-
## Q. ***What is the difference between factory and abstract factory pattern?***
+
The Factory Method is usually categorised by a switch statement where each case returns a different class, using the same root interface so that the calling code never needs to make decisions about the implementation.
For example credit card validator factory which returns a different validator for each card type.
+
```java
public ICardValidator GetCardValidator (string cardType)
{
@@ -241,15 +249,17 @@ public ICardValidator GetCardValidator (string cardType)
}
}
```
+
Abstract Factory patterns work around a super-factory which creates other factories. This factory is also called as factory of factories. This type of design pattern comes under creational pattern as this pattern provides one of the best ways to create an object.
In Abstract Factory pattern an interface is responsible for creating a factory of related objects without explicitly specifying their classes. Each generated factory can give the objects as per the Factory pattern.
## Q. ***What are the methods used to implement for key Object in HashMap?***
+
**1. equals()** and **2. hashcode()**
Class inherits methods from the following classes in terms of HashMap
@@ -258,10 +268,11 @@ Class inherits methods from the following classes in terms of HashMap
* java.util.Map
## Q. ***What is difference between the Inner Class and Sub Class?***
+
Nested Inner class can access any private instance variable of outer class. Like any other instance variable, we can have access modifier private, protected, public and default modifier.
```java
class Outer {
@@ -289,17 +300,19 @@ class HybridCar extends Car {
}
```
## Q. ***Can we import same package/class two times? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime?***
+
We can import the same package or same class multiple times. The JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times import the same class.
## Q. ***Distinguish between static loading and dynamic class loading?***
+
**Static Class Loading**: Creating objects and instance using `new` keyword is known as static class loading. The retrieval of class definition and instantiation of the object is done at compile time.
```java
class TestClass {
@@ -314,10 +327,11 @@ class TestClass {
Class.forName (String className);
```
## Q. ***What is the difference between transient and volatile variable in Java?***
+
**Transient**: The transient modifier tells the Java object serialization subsystem to exclude the field when serializing an instance of the class. When the object is then deserialized, the field will be initialized to the default value; i.e. null for a reference type, and zero or false for a primitive type.
```java
public transient int limit = 55; // will not persist
@@ -339,10 +353,11 @@ public class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
```
## Q. ***How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?***
+
JVM is a program which takes Java bytecode and converts the byte code (line by line) into machine understandable code. JVM perform some particular types of operations:
* Loading of code
@@ -360,17 +375,19 @@ JVM is a program which takes Java bytecode and converts the byte code (line by l
**6. Native Method Stack**: It contains all the native methods used in the application.
## Q. ***What will be the initial value of an object reference which is defined as an instance variable?***
+
The object references are all initialized to `null` in Java. However in order to do anything useful with these references, It must set to a valid object, else you will get NullPointerExceptions everywhere you try to use such default initialized references.
## Q. ***How can constructor chaining be done using this keyword?***
+
Java constructor chaining is a method of calling one constructor with the help of another while considering the present object. It can be done in 2 ways –
* **Within same class**: It can be done using `this()` keyword for constructors in the same class.
@@ -463,10 +480,11 @@ Calling parameterized constructor of base
Calling parameterized constructor of derived
```
## Q. ***Can you declare the main method as final?***
+
Yes. We can declare main method as final. But, In inheritance concept we cannot declare main method as final in parent class. It give compile time error. The main method has to be public because it has to be called by JVM which is outside the scope of the package and hence would need the access specifier-public.
```java
public class Test {
@@ -486,19 +504,21 @@ Output
Cannot override the final method from Test.
```
## Q. ***What is the difference between the final method and abstract method?***
+
Final method is a method that is marked as final, i.e. it cannot be overridden anymore. Just like final class cannot be inherited anymore.
Abstract method, on the other hand, is an empty method that is ought to be overridden by the inherited class. Without overriding, you will quickly get compilation error.
## Q. ***What is the difference between compile-time polymorphism and runtime polymorphism?***
+
There are two types of polymorphism in java:
1) Static Polymorphism also known as compile time polymorphism
2) Dynamic Polymorphism also known as runtime polymorphism
@@ -557,17 +577,19 @@ Output:
Overriding Method
```
## Q. ***Can you achieve Runtime Polymorphism by data members?***
+
No, we cannot achieve runtime polymorphism by data members. Method is overridden not the data members, so runtime polymorphism can not be achieved by data members.
## Q. ***Can you have virtual functions in Java?***
+
In Java, all non-static methods are by default **virtual functions**. Only methods marked with the `keyword final`, which cannot be overridden, along with `private methods`, which are not inherited, are non-virtual.
**Virtual function with Interface**
@@ -587,10 +609,11 @@ class ACMEBicycle implements Bicycle {
}
```
## Q. ***What is covariant return type?***
+
It is possible to have different return type for a overriding method in child class, but child’s return type should be sub-type of parent’s return type. Overriding method becomes variant with respect to return type. The covariant return type specifies that the return type may vary in the same direction as the subclass.
```java
class SuperClass {
@@ -615,10 +638,11 @@ Output:
Subclass
```
## Q. ***What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation?***
+
* Abstraction solves the problem at design level while Encapsulation solves it implementation level.
* In Java, Abstraction is supported using `interface` and `abstract class` while Encapsulation is supported using access modifiers e.g. public, private and protected.
* Abstraction is about hiding unwanted details while giving out most essential details, while Encapsulation means hiding the code and data into a single unit e.g. class or method to protect inner working of an object from outside world.
@@ -638,17 +662,19 @@ Subclass
## Q. ***Can there be an abstract method without an abstract class?***
+
Yes. because methods in an interface are also abstract. so the interface can be use to declare abstract method.
## Q. ***Can we use private or protected member variables in an interface?***
+
The java compiler adds public and abstract keywords before the interface method and **public, static and final keyword** before data members automatically
```java
public interface Test {
@@ -670,10 +696,11 @@ public interface Test {
* An interface provide a way for the client to interact with the object. If variables were not public, the clients would not have access to them. that is why variable are **public**
## Q. ***When can an object reference be cast to a Java interface reference?***
+
An interface reference can point to any object of a class that implements this interface
```java
interface Foo {
@@ -693,10 +720,11 @@ public class TestFoo implements Foo {
}
```
## Q. ***Give the hierarchy of InputStream and OutputStream classes?***
+
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. There are two kinds of Streams −
* **InPutStream** − The InputStream is used to read data from a source.
@@ -763,26 +791,29 @@ public class CopyFile {
}
```
## Q. ***Can you access non static variable in static context?***
+
No, non-static variable cannot be referenced in a static context directly one needs to use object.
## Q. ***What is the purpose of the Runtime class and System class?***
+
**Runtime Class**: The purpose of the Runtime class is to provide access to the Java runtime system. The runtime information like memory availability, invoking the garbage collector, etc.
**System Class**: The purpose of the System class is to provide access to system resources. It contains accessibility to standard input, standart output, error output streams, current time in millis, terminating the application, etc.
## Q. ***What are assertions in Java?***
+
An assertion allows testing the correctness of any assumptions that have been made in the program. Assertion is achieved using the assert statement in Java. While executing assertion, it is believed to be true. If it fails, JVM throws an error named `AssertionError`. It is mainly used for testing purposes during development.
The assert statement is used with a Boolean expression and can be written in two different ways.
@@ -804,17 +835,19 @@ public class Example {
}
```
## Q. ***Can we have multiple public classes in a java source file?***
+
A Java source file can have only one class declared as **public**, we cannot put two or more public classes together in a **.java** file. This is because of the restriction that the file name should be same as the name of the public class with **.java** extension. If we want to multiple classes under consideration are to be declared as public, we have to store them in separate source files and attach the package statement as the first statement in those source files.
## Q. ***What is the difference between abstract class and interface?***
+
Abstract class and interface both are used to achieve abstraction where we can declare the abstract methods. Abstract class and interface both can't be instantiated.
|Sl.No|Abstract Class |Interface |
@@ -829,10 +862,11 @@ Abstract class and interface both are used to achieve abstraction where we can d
| 08. |A Java abstract class can have class members like private, protected, etc.|Members of a Java interface are public by default.|
## Q. ***What are Wrapper classes?***
+
The wrapper class in Java provides the mechanism to convert primitive into object and object into primitive.
**Use of Wrapper classes in Java**
@@ -874,10 +908,11 @@ Output
20 20 20
```
## Q. ***What is Java Reflection API?***
+
Java Reflection is the process of analyzing and modifying all the capabilities of a class at runtime. Reflection API in Java is used to manipulate class and its members which include fields, methods, constructor, etc. at runtime. The **java.lang.Class** class provides many methods that can be used to get metadata, examine and change the run time behavior of a class.
There are 3 ways to get the instance of Class class. They are as follows:
@@ -947,17 +982,19 @@ boolean
Test
```
## Q. ***What is the default value of the local variables?***
+
There is no default value for local variables, so local variables should be declared and an initial value should be assigned before the first use.
## Q. ***How many types of constructors are used in Java?***
+
In Java, a constructor is a block of codes similar to the method. It is called when an instance of the class is created. At the time of calling constructor, memory for the object is allocated in the memory.
**Types of Java Constructors**
@@ -1002,10 +1039,11 @@ public class Car
}
```
## Q. ***What are the restrictions that are applied to the Java static methods?***
+
If a method is declared as static, it is a member of a class rather than belonging to the object of the class. It can be called without creating an object of the class. A static method also has the power to access static data members of the class.
* There are a few restrictions imposed on a static method
@@ -1041,10 +1079,11 @@ overridden method is static
1 error
```
## Q. ***What is the final variable, final class, and final blank variable?***
+
**Final Variable**: final variables are nothing but constants. We cannot change the value of a final variable once it is initialized.
```java
class Demo {
@@ -1110,10 +1149,11 @@ class ABC extends XYZ {
}
```
## Q. ***What is the static import?***
+
The static import feature of Java 5 facilitate the java programmer to access any static member of a class directly. There is no need to qualify it by the class name.
```java
import static java.lang.System.*;
@@ -1126,10 +1166,11 @@ class StaticImportExample {
}
```
## Q. ***Name some classes present in java.util.regex package?***
+
**Java Regex**: The Java Regex or Regular Expression is an API to define a pattern for searching or manipulating strings.
**java.util.regex package**
@@ -1159,10 +1200,11 @@ public class RegexExample {
}
```
## Q. ***How will you invoke any external process in Java?***
+
We can invoke the external process in Java using **exec()** method of **Runtime Class**.
```java
class ExternalProcessExample
@@ -1183,10 +1225,11 @@ class ExternalProcessExample
}
```
## Q. ***What is the purpose of using BufferedInputStream and BufferedOutputStream classes?***
+
`BufferedInputStream` and `BufferedOutputStream` class is used for buffering an input and output stream while reading and writing, respectively. It internally uses buffer to store data. It adds more efficiency than to write data directly into a stream. So, it makes the performance fast.
**BufferedInputStreamExample.java**
@@ -1274,10 +1317,11 @@ Output
This is an example of writing data to a file
```
## Q. ***How to set the Permissions to a file in Java?***
+
Java 7 has introduced PosixFilePermission Enum and **java.nio.file.Files** includes a method setPosixFilePermissions(Path path, `SetSystem.gc() and Runtime.gc() which is used to send request of Garbage collection to JVM but it’s not guaranteed that garbage collection will happen. If there is no memory space for creating a new object in Heap Java Virtual Machine throws OutOfMemoryError or java.lang.OutOfMemoryError heap space
## Q. ***How to create marker interface?***
+
An interface with no methods is known as marker or tagged interface. It provides some useful information to JVM/compiler so that JVM/compiler performs some special operations on it. It is used for better readability of code. Example: **Serializable, Clonnable** etc.
Syntax:
@@ -2133,10 +2204,11 @@ class Main {
}
```
## Q. ***How serialization works in java?***
+
Serialization is a mechanism of converting the state of an object into a byte stream. Deserialization is the reverse process where the byte stream is used to recreate the actual Java object in memory. This mechanism is used to persist the object.
Example:
@@ -2228,11 +2300,12 @@ public class SerialExample {
}
```
## Q. ***What are the various ways to load a class in Java?***
+
**a). Creating a reference**:
```java
SomeClass someInstance = null;
@@ -2253,11 +2326,12 @@ ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass("SomeClass");
Class.forName(String name, boolean initialize, ClassLoader loader);
```
## Q. ***Java Program to Implement Singly Linked List?***
+
The singly linked list is a linear data structure in which each element of the list contains a pointer which points to the next element in the list. Each element in the singly linked list is called a node. Each node has two components: data and a pointer next which points to the next node in the list.
Example:
@@ -2336,10 +2410,11 @@ Nodes of singly linked list:
10 20 30 40
```
-## Q. ***While overriding a method can you throw another exception or broader exception?***
+## Q. ***While overriding a method can you throw another exception or broader exception?***
+
If a method declares to throw a given exception, the overriding method in a subclass can only declare to throw that exception or its subclass. This is because of polymorphism.
@@ -2367,10 +2442,11 @@ class B extends A {
}
```
-## Q. ***What is checked, unchecked exception and errors?***
+## Q. ***What is checked, unchecked exception and errors?***
+
**1. Checked Exception**:
@@ -2451,10 +2527,11 @@ Java Result: 1
Example: **OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError** etc.
## Q. ***What is difference between ClassNotFoundException and NoClassDefFoundError?***
+
`ClassNotFoundException` and `NoClassDefFoundError` occur when a particular class is not found at runtime. However, they occur at different scenarios.
`ClassNotFoundException` is an exception that occurs when you try to load a class at run time using `Class.forName()` or `loadClass()` methods and mentioned classes are not found in the classpath.
@@ -2462,10 +2539,11 @@ Example: **OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError** etc.
`NoClassDefFoundError` is an error that occurs when a particular class is present at compile time, but was missing at run time.
## Q. ***What do we mean by weak reference?***
+
In Java there are four types of references differentiated on the way by which they are garbage collected.
1. Strong Reference
@@ -2588,10 +2666,11 @@ public class MainClass {
}
```
## Q. ***What do you mean Run time Polymorphism?***
+
`Polymorphism` in Java is a concept by which we can perform a single action in different ways.
There are two types of polymorphism in java:
@@ -2646,17 +2725,19 @@ Output
Overriding Method
```
-## Q. ***If I do not have Explicit constructor in parent class and having in child class, while calling the child constructor jvm automatically calls Implicit Constructor of parent class?***
+## Q. ***If I do not have Explicit constructor in parent class and having in child class, while calling the child constructor jvm automatically calls Implicit Constructor of parent class?***
+
If the subclass constructor does not specify which superclass constructor to invoke then the compiler will automatically call the accessible no-args constructor in the superclass.
## Q. ***What are the different types of JDBC Driver?***
+
JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database.
There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
@@ -2666,10 +2747,11 @@ There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
1. **Thin driver**: The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol. That is why it is known as thin driver. It is fully written in Java language.
## Q. ***How Encapsulation concept implemented in JAVA?***
+
Encapsulation in Java is a mechanism of wrapping the data (variables) and code acting on the data (methods) together as a single unit. In encapsulation, the variables of a class will be hidden from other classes, and can be accessed only through the methods of their current class. Therefore, it is also known as `data hiding`.
To achieve encapsulation in Java −
@@ -2699,10 +2781,11 @@ public class MainClass {
}
```
## Q. ***Do you know Generics? How did you used in your coding?***
+
`Generics` allows type (Integer, String, … etc and user defined types) to be a parameter to methods, classes and interfaces. For example, classes like HashSet, ArrayList, HashMap, etc use generics very well.
**Advantages**
@@ -2752,10 +2835,11 @@ Generic Class Example !
100
```
## Q. ***What is difference between String, StringBuilder and StringBuffer?***
+
String is `immutable`, if you try to alter their values, another object gets created, whereas `StringBuffer` and `StringBuilder` are mutable so they can change their values.
The difference between `StringBuffer` and `StringBuilder` is that `StringBuffer` is thread-safe. So when the application needs to be run only in a single thread then it is better to use `StringBuilder`. `StringBuilder` is more efficient than StringBuffer.
@@ -2806,10 +2890,11 @@ StringBuilder: World
StringBuffer: World
```
## Q. ***How can we create a object of a class without using new operator?***
+
Different ways to create an object in Java
* **Using new Keyword**
@@ -2925,31 +3010,35 @@ public class MainClass {
}
```
-## Q. ***What code coverage tools are you using for your project?***
+## Q. ***What code coverage tools are you using for your project?***
+
* Cobertura
-## Q. ***Scenario of browser’s browsing history, where you need to store the browsing history, what data structure will you use.?***
+## Q. ***Scenario of browser’s browsing history, where you need to store the browsing history, what data structure will you use.?***
+
* use `stack`
## Q. ***Scenario where in we have to download a big file by clicking on a link, how will you make sure that connections is reliable throughout?***
+
* use `persistent MQueues`
## Q. ***What are methods of Object Class?***
+
The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default.
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. ***What are the various ways to load a class in Java?***
-
-
-**a). Creating a reference**:
-```java
-SomeClass someInstance = null;
-```
-
-**b). Using Class.forName(String)**:
-```java
- Class.forName("SomeClass");
-```
-
-**c). Using SystemClassLoader()**:
-```java
-ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader().loadClass("SomeClass");
-```
-**d). Using Overloaded Class.forName()**:
-```java
-Class.forName(String name, boolean initialize, ClassLoader loader);
-```
## Q. ***Java Program to Implement Singly Linked List?***
-
The singly linked list is a linear data structure in which each element of the list contains a pointer which points to the next element in the list. Each element in the singly linked list is called a node. Each node has two components: data and a pointer next which points to the next node in the list.
Example:
+
```java
public class SinglyLinkedList {
// Represent a node of the singly linked list
From 3428f17efd2898ed1be56a2885d3523049d87b4d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pradeep Kumar if you like the project. Pull Request are highly appreciated.*
@@ -28,10 +28,13 @@ Exception is an error event that can happen during the execution of a program an
**2. Unchecked Exception**: The classes which inherit `RuntimeException` are known as unchecked exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc. Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time, but they are checked at runtime.
**3. Error**: Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError etc.
-**Hierarchy of Java Exception classes**
-The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error.
+**Hierarchy of Java Exception classes:**
-
+The java.lang.Throwable class is the root class of Java Exception hierarchy which is inherited by two subclasses: Exception and Error.
+
+
+
+
-
**Aggregation**: We call aggregation those relationships whose **objects have an independent lifecycle, but there is ownership**, and child objects cannot belong to another parent object.
Example: Since Organization has Person as employees, the relationship between them is Aggregation. Here is how they look like in terms of Java classes
@@ -126,6 +127,10 @@ class Engine {
}
```
+
+
+
| Aggregation | Composition |
|---|---|
| Aggregation is a weak Association. | Composition is a strong Association. |
| public boolean equals(Object obj) | compares the given object to this object. |
| protected Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException | creates and returns the exact copy (clone) of this object. |
| public String toString() | returns the string representation of this object. |
| public final void notify() | wakes up single thread, waiting on this object's monitor. |
| public final void notifyAll() | wakes up all the threads, waiting on this object's monitor. |
| public final void notify() | wakes up single thread, waiting on this object\'s monitor. |
| public final void notifyAll() | wakes up all the threads, waiting on this object\'s monitor. |
| public final void wait(long timeout)throws InterruptedException | causes the current thread to wait for the specified milliseconds, until another thread notifies (invokes notify() or notifyAll() method). |
| public final void wait(long timeout,int nanos)throws InterruptedException | causes the current thread to wait for the specified milliseconds and nanoseconds, until another thread notifies (invokes notify() or notifyAll() method). |
| public final void wait()throws InterruptedException | causes the current thread to wait, until another thread notifies (invokes notify() or notifyAll() method). |
| Abstraction | Encapsulation |
|---|
System.gc() and Runtime.gc() which is used to send request of Garbage collection to JVM but it\'s not guaranteed that garbage collection will happen. If there is no memory space for creating a new object in Heap Java Virtual Machine throws OutOfMemoryError or java.lang.OutOfMemoryError heap space
## Q. How to create marker interface?
@@ -2604,7 +2605,7 @@ class Main {
}
```
## Q. How serialization works in java?
@@ -2702,7 +2703,7 @@ public class SerialExample {
```
## Q. Java Program to Implement Singly Linked List?
@@ -2786,7 +2787,7 @@ Nodes of singly linked list:
10 20 30 40
```
## Q. While overriding a method can you throw another exception or broader exception?
@@ -2819,7 +2820,7 @@ class B extends A {
}
```
## Q. What is checked, unchecked exception and errors?
@@ -2906,7 +2907,7 @@ Java Result: 1
Example: **OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError** etc.
## Q. What is difference between ClassNotFoundException and NoClassDefFoundError?
@@ -2918,7 +2919,7 @@ Example: **OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionError** etc.
`NoClassDefFoundError` is an error that occurs when a particular class is present at compile time, but was missing at run time.
## Q. What do we mean by weak reference?
@@ -2965,7 +2966,7 @@ Weak Reference Example!
```
## Q. What do you mean Run time Polymorphism?
@@ -3027,7 +3028,7 @@ Output
Overriding Method
```
## Q. If I do not have Explicit constructor in parent class and having in child class, while calling the child constructor jvm automatically calls Implicit Constructor of parent class?
@@ -3035,7 +3036,7 @@ Overriding Method
If the subclass constructor does not specify which superclass constructor to invoke then the compiler will automatically call the accessible no-args constructor in the superclass.
## Q. What are the different types of JDBC Driver?
@@ -3049,7 +3050,7 @@ There are 4 types of JDBC drivers:
1. **Thin driver**: The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol. That is why it is known as thin driver. It is fully written in Java language.
## Q. How Encapsulation concept implemented in JAVA?
@@ -3084,7 +3085,7 @@ public class MainClass {
}
```
## Q. Do you know Generics? How did you used in your coding?
@@ -3139,7 +3140,7 @@ Generic Class Example !
100
```
## Q. What is difference between String, StringBuilder and StringBuffer?
@@ -3195,7 +3196,7 @@ StringBuilder: World
StringBuffer: World
```
## Q. How can we create a object of a class without using new operator?
@@ -3316,7 +3317,7 @@ public class MainClass {
```
## Q. What are methods of Object Class?
@@ -3339,7 +3340,7 @@ The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default.
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Mention the differences between JPA and Hibernate?
-JPA is a specification for accessing, persisting and managing the data between Java objects and the relational database.
-
-Where as, Hibernate is the actual implementation of JPA guidelines. When hibernate implements the JPA specification, this will be certified by the JPA group upon following all the standards mentioned in the specification. For example, JPA guidelines would provide information of mandatory and optional features to be implemented as part of the JPA implementation.
-
-|Hibernate |JPA |
-|-------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------|
-|Hibernate is the object-relational mapping framework which helps to deal with the data persistence.|It is the Java specification to manage the java application with relational data.|
-|It’s is one of the best JPA providers. |It is the only specification which doesn’t deal with any implementation.|
-|In this, we use Session for handling the persistence in an application.|In this, we use the Entity manager. |
-|It is used to map Java data types with database tables and SQL data types.|It is the standard API which allows developers to perform database operations smoothly.|
-|The Query language in this is Hibernate Query Language.|The query language of JPA is JPQL (Java Persistence Query Language)|
-
-## Q. What is HQL and what are its benefits?
-Hibernate Query Language (HQL) is an object-oriented query language, similar to SQL, but instead of operating on tables and columns, HQL works with persistent objects and their properties. HQL queries are translated by Hibernate into conventional SQL queries, which in turns perform action on database.
-
-**Advantages Of HQL:**
-
-* HQL is database independent, means if we write any program using HQL commands then our program will be able to execute in all the databases with out doing any further changes to it
-* HQL supports object oriented features like Inheritance, polymorphism,Associations(Relation ships)
-* HQL is initially given for selecting object from database and in hibernate 3.x we can doDML operations ( insert, update…) too
-
-**Different Ways Of Construction HQL Select**
-
-**FROM Clause**
-```sql
-/** In SQL **/
-sql> select * from Employee
-
-/** In HQL **/
-String hql = "FROM Employee";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**AS Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "FROM Employee AS E";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**SELECT Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "SELECT E.firstName FROM Employee E";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**WHERE Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = 10";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**ORDER BY Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id > 10 ORDER BY E.salary DESC";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**GROUP BY Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "SELECT SUM(E.salary), E.firtName FROM Employee E " +
- "GROUP BY E.firstName";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**Using Named Parameters**
-Hibernate supports named parameters in its HQL queries. This makes writing HQL queries that accept input from the user easy and you do not have to defend against SQL injection attacks. Following is the simple syntax of using named parameters −
-
-```sql
-String hql = "FROM Employee E WHERE E.id = :employee_id";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-query.setParameter("employee_id",10);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-**UPDATE Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "UPDATE Employee set salary = :salary " +
- "WHERE id = :employee_id";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-query.setParameter("salary", 1000);
-query.setParameter("employee_id", 10);
-int result = query.executeUpdate();
-System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
-```
-**DELETE Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "DELETE FROM Employee " +
- "WHERE id = :employee_id";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-query.setParameter("employee_id", 10);
-int result = query.executeUpdate();
-System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
-```
-**INSERT Clause**
-```sql
-String hql = "INSERT INTO Employee(firstName, lastName, salary)" +
- "SELECT firstName, lastName, salary FROM old_employee";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-int result = query.executeUpdate();
-System.out.println("Rows affected: " + result);
-```
-**Pagination using Query**
-```sql
-String hql = "FROM Employee";
-Query query = session.createQuery(hql);
-query.setFirstResult(1);
-query.setMaxResults(10);
-List results = query.list();
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Mention the Key components of Hibernate?
-
-**hibernate.cfg.xml**: This file has database connection details
-
-**hbm.xml or Annotation**: Defines the database table mapping with POJO. Also defines the relation between tables in java way.
-**SessionFactory**:
-* There will be a session factory per database.
-* The SessionFacory is built once at start-up
-* It is a thread safe class
-* SessionFactory will create a new Session object when requested
-**Session**:
-* The Session object will get physical connection to the database.
-* Session is the Java object used for any DB operations.
-* Session is not thread safe. Hence do not share hibernate session between threads
-* Session represents unit of work with database
-* Session should be closed once the task is completed
-
-## Q. Explain Session object in Hibernate?
-A Session is used to get a physical connection with a database. The Session object is lightweight and designed to be instantiated each time an interaction is needed with the database. Persistent objects are saved and retrieved through a Session object.
-
-The lifecycle of a Session is bounded by the beginning and end of a logical transaction. The main function of the Session is to offer create, read and delete operations for instances of mapped entity classes. Instances may exist in one of three states:
-
-* **transient** − A new instance of a persistent class, which is not associated with a Session and has no representation in the database and no identifier value is considered transient by Hibernate.
-
-* **persistent** − You can make a transient instance persistent by associating it with a Session. A persistent instance has a representation in the database, an identifier value and is associated with a Session.
-
-* **detached** − Once we close the Hibernate Session, the persistent instance will become a detached instance.
-
-```java
-Session session = factory.openSession();
-Transaction tx = null;
-
-try {
- tx = session.beginTransaction();
- // do some work
- ...
- tx.commit();
-}
-
-catch (Exception e) {
- if (tx!=null) tx.rollback();
- e.printStackTrace();
-} finally {
- session.close();
-}
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. How transaction management works in Hibernate?
-A **Transaction** is a sequence of operation which works as an atomic unit. A transaction only completes if all the operations completed successfully. A transaction has the Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability properties (ACID).
-
-In hibernate framework, **Transaction interface** that defines the unit of work. It maintains abstraction from the transaction implementation (JTA, JDBC). A transaction is associated with Session and instantiated by calling **session.beginTransaction()**.
-
-
-|Transaction interface | Description |
-|---------------------------|--------------------------|
-|void begin() |starts a new transaction. |
-|void commit() |ends the unit of work unless we are in FlushMode.NEVER.|
-|void rollback() |forces this transaction to rollback.|
-|void setTimeout(int seconds)| It sets a transaction timeout for any transaction started by a subsequent call to begin on this |instance.|
-|boolean isAlive() |checks if the transaction is still alive.|
-|void registerSynchronization(Synchronization s) |registers a user synchronization callback for this transaction.|
-|boolean wasCommited() |checks if the transaction is commited successfully.|
-|boolean wasRolledBack() |checks if the transaction is rolledback successfully.|
-
-Example:
-```java
-Transaction transObj = null;
-Session sessionObj = null;
-try {
- sessionObj = HibernateUtil.buildSessionFactory().openSession();
- transObj = sessionObj.beginTransaction();
-
- //Perform Some Operation Here
- transObj.commit();
-} catch (HibernateException exObj) {
- if(transObj!=null){
- transObj.rollback();
- }
- exObj.printStackTrace();
-} finally {
- sessionObj.close();
-}
-```
-## Q. Explain the Criteria object in Hibernate?
-The Criteria API allows to build up a criteria query object programmatically; the `org.hibernate.Criteria` interface defines the available methods for one of these objects. The Hibernate Session interface contains several overloaded `createCriteria()` methods.
-
-**1. Restrictions with Criteria**
-
-```java
-Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class);
-
-// To get records having salary is equal to 2000
-cr.add(Restrictions.eq("salary", 2000));
-List results = cr.list();
-
-// To get records having salary more than 2000
-cr.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000));
-
-// To get records having salary less than 2000
-cr.add(Restrictions.lt("salary", 2000));
-
-// To get records having fistName starting with zara
-cr.add(Restrictions.like("firstName", "zara%"));
-
-// Case sensitive form of the above restriction.
-cr.add(Restrictions.ilike("firstName", "zara%"));
-
-// To get records having salary in between 1000 and 2000
-cr.add(Restrictions.between("salary", 1000, 2000));
-
-// To check if the given property is null
-cr.add(Restrictions.isNull("salary"));
-
-// To check if the given property is not null
-cr.add(Restrictions.isNotNull("salary"));
-
-// To check if the given property is empty
-cr.add(Restrictions.isEmpty("salary"));
-
-// To check if the given property is not empty
-cr.add(Restrictions.isNotEmpty("salary"));
-```
-
-**2. Logical Expression Restrictions**
-```java
-Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class);
-
-Criterion salary = Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000);
-Criterion name = Restrictions.ilike("firstNname","zara%");
-
-// To get records matching with OR conditions
-LogicalExpression orExp = Restrictions.or(salary, name);
-cr.add( orExp );
-
-// To get records matching with AND conditions
-LogicalExpression andExp = Restrictions.and(salary, name);
-cr.add( andExp );
-
-List results = cr.list();
-```
-
-**3. Pagination Using Criteria**
-```java
-Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class);
-cr.setFirstResult(1);
-cr.setMaxResults(10);
-List results = cr.list();
-```
-
-**4. Sorting the Results**
-The Criteria API provides the **org.hibernate.criterion.Order** class to sort your result set in either ascending or descending order, according to one of your object's properties.
-```java
-Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class);
-
-// To get records having salary more than 2000
-cr.add(Restrictions.gt("salary", 2000));
-
-// To sort records in descening order
-cr.addOrder(Order.desc("salary"));
-
-// To sort records in ascending order
-cr.addOrder(Order.asc("salary"));
-
-List results = cr.list();
-```
-
-**5. Projections & Aggregations**
-The Criteria API provides the **org.hibernate.criterion.Projections** class, which can be used to get average, maximum, or minimum of the property values. The Projections class is similar to the Restrictions class, in that it provides several static factory methods for obtaining **Projection** instances.
-```java
-Criteria cr = session.createCriteria(Employee.class);
-
-// To get total row count.
-cr.setProjection(Projections.rowCount());
-
-// To get average of a property.
-cr.setProjection(Projections.avg("salary"));
-
-// To get distinct count of a property.
-cr.setProjection(Projections.countDistinct("firstName"));
-
-// To get maximum of a property.
-cr.setProjection(Projections.max("salary"));
-
-// To get minimum of a property.
-cr.setProjection(Projections.min("salary"));
-
-// To get sum of a property.
-cr.setProjection(Projections.sum("salary"));
-```
-
-**Criteria Queries Example**
-
-Employee.java
-```java
-public class Employee {
- private int id;
- private String firstName;
- private String lastName;
- private int salary;
-
- public Employee() {}
-
- public Employee(String fname, String lname, int salary) {
- this.firstName = fname;
- this.lastName = lname;
- this.salary = salary;
- }
-
- public int getId() {
- return id;
- }
-
- public void setId( int id ) {
- this.id = id;
- }
-
- public String getFirstName() {
- return firstName;
- }
-
- public void setFirstName( String first_name ) {
- this.firstName = first_name;
- }
-
- public String getLastName() {
- return lastName;
- }
-
- public void setLastName( String last_name ) {
- this.lastName = last_name;
- }
-
- public int getSalary() {
- return salary;
- }
-
- public void setSalary( int salary ) {
- this.salary = salary;
- }
-}
-```
-EMPLOYEE.sql
-```sql
-create table EMPLOYEE (
- id INT NOT NULL auto_increment,
- first_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
- last_name VARCHAR(20) default NULL,
- salary INT default NULL,
- PRIMARY KEY (id)
-);
-```
-Hibernate Mapping File
-```xml
-
-
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is a One-to-One association in Hibernate?
-A **One-to-One** Association is similar to Many-to-One association with a difference that the column will be set as unique i.e. Two entities are said to be in a One-to-One relationship if one entity has only one occurrence in the other entity. For example, an address object can be associated with a single employee object. However, these relationships are rarely used in the relational table models and therefore, we won’t need this mapping too often.
-
-In One-to-One association, the source entity has a field that references another target entity. The `@OneToOne` JPA annotation is used to map the source entity with the target entity.
-
-Example: Hibernate One to One Mapping Annotation
-
-**hibernate-annotation.cfg.xml**
-```xml
-
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is hibernate caching? Explain Hibernate first level cache?
-Hibernate Cache can be very useful in gaining fast application performance if used correctly. The idea behind cache is to reduce the number of database queries, hence reducing the throughput time of the application.
-
-Hibernate comes with different types of Cache:
-
-**First Level Cache**: Hibernate first level cache is associated with the **Session object**. Hibernate uses this cache by default. Here, it processes one transaction after another one, means wont process one transaction many times. Mainly it reduces the number of SQL queries it needs to generate within a given transaction. That is instead of updating after every modification done in the transaction, it updates the transaction only at the end of the transaction.
-
-**Second Level Cache**: Second-level cache always associates with the **Session Factory object**. While running the transactions, in between it loads the objects at the Session Factory level, so that those objects will be available to the entire application, not bound to single user. Since the objects are already loaded in the cache, whenever an object is returned by the query, at that time no need to go for a database transaction. In this way the second level cache works. Here we can use query level cache also.
-
-Hibernate Second Level cache is disabled by default but we can enable it through configuration. Currently EHCache and Infinispan provides implementation for Hibernate Second level cache and we can use them. We will look into this in the next tutorial for hibernate caching.
-
-**Query Cache**: Hibernate can also cache result set of a query. Hibernate Query Cache doesn’t cache the state of the actual entities in the cache; it caches only identifier values and results of value type. So it should always be used in conjunction with the second-level cache.
-
-Example: Hibernate Caching – First Level Cache
-```java
-
-package com.example.hibernate.main;
-
-import org.hibernate.Session;
-import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
-import org.hibernate.Transaction;
-
-import com.example.hibernate.model.Employee;
-import com.example.hibernate.util.HibernateUtil;
-
-public class HibernateCacheExample {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
-
- SessionFactory sessionFactory = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory();
- Session session = sessionFactory.getCurrentSession();
- Transaction tx = session.beginTransaction();
-
- //Get employee with id=1
- Employee emp = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(1));
- printData(emp,1);
-
- //waiting for sometime to change the data in backend
- Thread.sleep(10000);
-
- //Fetch same data again, check logs that no query fired
- Employee emp1 = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(1));
- printData(emp1,2);
-
- //Create new session
- Session newSession = sessionFactory.openSession();
- //Get employee with id=1, notice the logs for query
- Employee emp2 = (Employee) newSession.load(Employee.class, new Long(1));
- printData(emp2,3);
-
- //START: evict example to remove specific object from hibernate first level cache
- //Get employee with id=2, first time hence query in logs
- Employee emp3 = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(2));
- printData(emp3,4);
-
- //evict the employee object with id=1
- session.evict(emp);
- System.out.println("Session Contains Employee with id=1?"+session.contains(emp));
-
- //since object is removed from first level cache, you will see query in logs
- Employee emp4 = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(1));
- printData(emp4,5);
-
- //this object is still present, so you won't see query in logs
- Employee emp5 = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(2));
- printData(emp5,6);
- //END: evict example
-
- //START: clear example to remove everything from first level cache
- session.clear();
- Employee emp6 = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(1));
- printData(emp6,7);
- Employee emp7 = (Employee) session.load(Employee.class, new Long(2));
- printData(emp7,8);
-
- System.out.println("Session Contains Employee with id=2?"+session.contains(emp7));
-
- tx.commit();
- sessionFactory.close();
- }
-
- private static void printData(Employee emp, int count) {
- System.out.println(count+":: Name="+emp.getName()+", Zipcode="+emp.getAddress().getZipcode());
- }
-}
-```
-Output
-```
-Hibernate Configuration loaded
-Hibernate serviceRegistry created
-Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_0_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_0_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_0_, address1_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_1_, address1_.address_line1 as address_2_0_1_, address1_.city as city3_0_1_, address1_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ left outer join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id where employee0_.emp_id=?
-1:: Name=Alex, Zipcode=95129
-2:: Name=Alex, Zipcode=95129
-Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_0_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_0_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_0_, address1_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_1_, address1_.address_line1 as address_2_0_1_, address1_.city as city3_0_1_, address1_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ left outer join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id where employee0_.emp_id=?
-3:: Name=AlexK, Zipcode=95129
-Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_0_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_0_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_0_, address1_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_1_, address1_.address_line1 as address_2_0_1_, address1_.city as city3_0_1_, address1_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ left outer join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id where employee0_.emp_id=?
-4:: Name=David, Zipcode=95051
-Session Contains Employee with id=1?false
-Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_0_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_0_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_0_, address1_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_1_, address1_.address_line1 as address_2_0_1_, address1_.city as city3_0_1_, address1_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ left outer join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id where employee0_.emp_id=?
-5:: Name=Alex, Zipcode=95129
-6:: Name=David, Zipcode=95051
-Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_0_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_0_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_0_, address1_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_1_, address1_.address_line1 as address_2_0_1_, address1_.city as city3_0_1_, address1_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ left outer join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id where employee0_.emp_id=?
-7:: Name=Alex, Zipcode=95129
-Hibernate: select employee0_.emp_id as emp_id1_1_0_, employee0_.emp_name as emp_name2_1_0_, employee0_.emp_salary as emp_sala3_1_0_, address1_.emp_id as emp_id1_0_1_, address1_.address_line1 as address_2_0_1_, address1_.city as city3_0_1_, address1_.zipcode as zipcode4_0_1_ from EMPLOYEE employee0_ left outer join ADDRESS address1_ on employee0_.emp_id=address1_.emp_id where employee0_.emp_id=?
-8:: Name=David, Zipcode=95051
-Session Contains Employee with id=2?true
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is second level cache in Hibernate?
-**Hibernate second level cache** uses a common cache for all the session object of a session factory. It is useful if you have multiple session objects from a session factory. **SessionFactory** holds the second level cache data. It is global for all the session objects and not enabled by default.
-
-Different vendors have provided the implementation of Second Level Cache.
-
-* EH Cache
-* OS Cache
-* Swarm Cache
-* JBoss Cache
-
-Each implementation provides different cache usage functionality. There are four ways to use second level cache.
-
-* **read-only**: caching will work for read only operation.
-* **nonstrict-read-write**: caching will work for read and write but one at a time.
-* **read-write**: caching will work for read and write, can be used simultaneously.
-* **transactional**: caching will work for transaction.
-
-The cache-usage property can be applied to class or collection level in hbm.xml file.
-```xml
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What are concurrency strategies?
-The READ_WRITE strategy is an asynchronous cache concurrency mechanism and to prevent data integrity issues (e.g. stale cache entries), it uses a locking mechanism that provides unit-of-work isolation guarantees.
-
-In hibernate, cache concurrency strategy can be set globally using the property hibernate.cache. default_cache_concurrency_strategy. The allowed values are,
-
-* **read-only**: caching will work for read only operation. supported by ConcurrentHashMap, EHCache, Infinispan
-* **nonstrict-read-write**: caching will work for read and write but one at a time. supported by ConcurrentHashMap, EHCache.
-* **read-write**: caching will work for read and write, can be used simultaneously. supported by ConcurrentHashMap, EHCache.
-* **transactional**: caching will work for transaction. supported by EHCache, Infinispan.
-
-Example: Inserting data ( READ_WRITE strategy )
-```java
-@Override
-public boolean afterInsert(
- Object key, Object value, Object version)
- throws CacheException {
- region().writeLock( key );
- try {
- final Lockable item =
- (Lockable) region().get( key );
- if ( item == null ) {
- region().put( key,
- new Item( value, version,
- region().nextTimestamp()
- )
- );
- return true;
- }
- else {
- return false;
- }
- }
- finally {
- region().writeUnlock( key );
- }
-}
-```
-For an entity to be cached upon insertion, it must use a SEQUENCE generator, the cache being populated by the EntityInsertAction:
-```java
-@Override
-public void doAfterTransactionCompletion(boolean success,
- SessionImplementor session)
- throws HibernateException {
-
- final EntityPersister persister = getPersister();
- if ( success && isCachePutEnabled( persister,
- getSession() ) ) {
- final CacheKey ck = getSession()
- .generateCacheKey(
- getId(),
- persister.getIdentifierType(),
- persister.getRootEntityName() );
-
- final boolean put = cacheAfterInsert(
- persister, ck );
- }
- }
- postCommitInsert( success );
-}
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is Lazy loading in hibernate?
-Hibernate defaults to a lazy fetching strategy for all entities and collections. Lazy loading in hibernate improves the performance. It loads the child objects on demand. To enable lazy loading explicitly you must use **fetch = FetchType.LAZY** on a association which you want to lazy load when you are using hibernate annotations.
-
-Example:
-```java
-@OneToMany( mappedBy = "category", fetch = FetchType.LAZY )
-private Set
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Explain some of the elements of hbm.xml?
-Hibernate mapping file is used by hibernate framework to get the information about the mapping of a POJO class and a database table.
-
-It mainly contains the following mapping information:
-
-* Mapping information of a POJO class name to a database table name.
-* Mapping information of POJO class properties to database table columns.
-
-Elements of the Hibernate mapping file:
-
-* **hibernate-mapping**: It is the root element.
-* **Class**: It defines the mapping of a POJO class to a database table.
-* **Id**: It defines the unique key attribute or primary key of the table.
-* **generator**: It is the sub element of the id element. It is used to automatically generate the id.
-* **property**: It is used to define the mapping of a POJO class property to database table column.
-
-Syntax
-```xml
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Name some important interfaces of Hibernate framework?
-* **Session Interface**: This is the primary interface used by hibernate applications
-The instances of this interface are lightweight and are inexpensive to create and destroy
-Hibernate sessions are not thread safe
-
-* **Session Factory Interface**: This is a factory that delivers the session objects to hibernate application.
-
-* **Configuration Interface**: This interface is used to configure and bootstrap hibernate.
-The instance of this interface is used by the application in order to specify the location of hbm documents
-
-* **Transaction Interface**: This interface abstracts the code from any kind of transaction implementations such as JDBC transaction, JTA transaction
-
-* **Query and Criteria Interface**: This interface allows the user to perform queries and also control the flow of the query execution
-
-## Q. What is Hibernate SessionFactory and how to configure it?
-SessionFactory can be created by providing Configuration object, which will contain all DB related property details pulled from either hibernate.cfg.xml file or hibernate.properties file. SessionFactory is a factory for Session objects.
-
-We can create one SessionFactory implementation per database in any application. If your application is referring to multiple databases, then we need to create one SessionFactory per database.
-
-The SessionFactory is a heavyweight object; it is usually created during application start up and kept for later use. The SessionFactory is a thread safe object and used by all the threads of an application.
-```java
-import org.hibernate.HibernateException;
-import org.hibernate.Session;
-import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
-import org.hibernate.boot.registry.StandardServiceRegistryBuilder;
-import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
-import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistry;
-
-import com.example.model.Employee;
-
-public class HibernateUtil {
-
- private static SessionFactory sessionFactory = null;
-
- static {
- try {
- loadSessionFactory();
- } catch(Exception e){
- System.err.println("Exception while initializing hibernate util.. ");
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
-
- public static void loadSessionFactory() {
-
- Configuration configuration = new Configuration();
- configuration.configure("/j2n-hibernate.cfg.xml");
- configuration.addAnnotatedClass(Employee.class);
- ServiceRegistry srvcReg = new StandardServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(configuration.getProperties()).build();
- sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory(srvcReg);
- }
-
- public static Session getSession() throws HibernateException {
-
- Session retSession=null;
- try {
- retSession = sessionFactory.openSession();
- } catch(Throwable t) {
- System.err.println("Exception while getting session.. ");
- t.printStackTrace();
- }
- if(retSession == null) {
- System.err.println("session is discovered null");
- }
- return retSession;
- }
-}
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is the difference between opensession and getcurrentsession in hibernate?
-Hibernate SessionFactory getCurrentSession() method returns the session bound to the context. Since this session object belongs to the hibernate context, we don't need to close it. Once the session factory is closed, this session object gets closed.
-
-Hibernate SessionFactory openSession() method always opens a new session. We should close this session object once we are done with all the database operations.
-
-|Parameter |openSession |getCurrentSession |
-|-------------------|-------------------|--------------------------------|
-|Session object |It always create new Session object |It creates a new Session if not exists , else use same session which is in current hibernate context|
-|Flush and close |You need to explicitly flush and close session objects|You do not need to flush and close session objects, it will be automatically taken care by Hibernate internally|
-|Performance |In single threaded environment , It is slower than getCurrentSession|In single threaded environment , It is faster than getOpenSession|
-|Configuration |You do not need to configure any property to call this method|You need to configure additional property “hibernate.current_session_context_class” to call getCurrentSession method, otherwise it will throw exceptions.|
-
-Example: openSession()
-```java
-Transaction transaction = null;
-Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().openSession();
-try {
- transaction = session.beginTransaction();
- // do Some work
-
- session.flush(); // extra work
- transaction.commit();
-} catch(Exception ex) {
- if(transaction != null) {
- transaction.rollback();
- }
- ex.printStackTrace();
-} finally {
- if(session != null) {
- session.close(); // extra work
- }
-}
-```
-Example: getCurrentSession()
-```java
-Transaction transaction = null;
-Session session = HibernateUtil.getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
-try {
- transaction = session.beginTransaction();
- // do Some work
-
- // session.flush(); // no need
- transaction.commit();
-} catch(Exception ex) {
- if(transaction != null) {
- transaction.rollback();
- }
- ex.printStackTrace();
-} finally {
- if(session != null) {
- // session.close(); // no need
- }
-}
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is difference between Hibernate Session get() and load() method?
-Hibernate Session class provides two method to access object e.g. `session.get()` and `session.load()`.The difference between get() vs load() method is that get() involves database hit if object doesn't exists in **Session Cache** and returns a fully initialized object which may involve several database call while load method can return proxy in place and only initialize the object or hit the database if any method other than getId() is called on persistent or entity object. This lazy initialization can save couple of database round-trip which result in better performance.
-
-|load() |get()
-|-----------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------
-|Only use the load() method if you are sure that the object exists.|If you are not sure that the object exists, then use one of the get() methods.|
-|load() method will throw an exception if the unique id is not found in the database.|get() method will return null if the unique id is not found in the database.|
-|load() just returns a proxy by default and database won't be hit until the proxy is first invoked.|get() will hit the database immediately.|
-
-## Q. What are different states of an entity bean?
-The Entity bean has three states:
-
-**1. Transient**: Transient objects exist in heap memory. Hibernate does not manage transient objects or persist changes to transient objects. Whenever pojo class object created then it will be in the Transient state.
-
-Transient state Object does not represent any row of the database, It means not associated with any Session object or no relation with the database its just an normal object.
-
-**2. Persistent**: Persistent objects exist in the database, and Hibernate manages the persistence for persistent objects. If fields or properties change on a persistent object, Hibernate will keep the database representation up to date when the application marks the changes as to be committed.
-
-Any instance returned by a **get()** or **load()** method is persistent state object.
-
-**3. Detached**: Detached objects have a representation in the database, but changes to the object will not be reflected in the database, and vice-versa. A detached object can be created by closing the session that it was associated with, or by evicting it from the session with a call to the session's `evict()` method.
-
-Example:
-```java
-import org.hibernate.Session;
-import org.hibernate.Transaction;
-import org.hibernate.cfg.AnnotationConfiguration;
-
-import com.example.hibernate.Student;
-
-public class ObjectStatesDemo {
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
-
- // Transient object state
- Student student = new Student();
- student.setId(101);
- student.setName("Alex");
- student.setRoll("10");
- student.setDegree("B.E");
- student.setPhone("9999");
-
- // Transient object state
- Session session = new AnnotationConfiguration().configure()
- .buildSessionFactory().openSession();
- Transaction t = session.beginTransaction();
-
- // Persistent object state
- session.save(student);
- t.commit();
-
- // Detached object state
- session.close();
- }
-}
-```
-Output
-```
-Hibernate:
- insert
- into
- STUDENT
- (degree, name, phone, roll, id)
- values
- (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)
-```
-In The Database :
-```sql
-mysql> select * from student;
-+-----+--------+--------+-------+------+
-| id | degree | name | phone | roll |
-+-----+--------+--------+-------+------+
-| 101 | B.E | Alex | 9999 | 10 |
-+-----+--------+--------+-------+------+
-1 row in set (0.05 sec)
-```
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What is difference between merge() and update() methods in Hibernate?
-Both update() and merge() methods in hibernate are used to convert the object which is in detached state into persistence state. But there are different situation where we should be used update() and where should be used merge() method in hibernate
-
-```java
-Employee emp1 = new Employee();
-emp1.setEmpId(100);
-emp1.setEmpName("Alex");
-//create session
-Session session1 = createNewHibernateSession();
-session1.saveOrUpdate(emp1);
-session1.close();
-//emp1 object in detached state now
-
-emp1.setEmpName("Alex Rajput");// Updated Name
-//Create session again
-Session session2 = createNewHibernateSession();
-Employee emp2 =(Employee)session2.get(Employee.class, 100);
-//emp2 object in persistent state with id 100
-
-/**
-Try to make on detached object with id 100 to persistent state by using update method of hibernate
-It occurs the exception NonUniqueObjectException because emp2 object is having employee with same
-empid as 100. In order to avoid this exception we are using merge like given below instead of
-**/
-session2.update(emp1);
-session.update(emp1);
-
-session2.merge(emp1); //it merge the object state with emp2
-session2.update(emp1); //Now it will work with exception
-```
-In the hibernate session we can maintain only one employee object in persistent state with same primary key, while converting a detached object into persistent, if already that session has a persistent object with the same primary key then hibernate throws an Exception whenever update() method is called to reattach a detached object with a session. In this case we need to call **merge()** method instead of **update()** so that hibernate copies the state changes from detached object into persistent object and we can say a detached object is converted into a persistent object.
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-#### Q. What is difference between Hibernate save(), saveOrUpdate() and persist() methods?
-#### Q. What will happen if we don’t have no-args constructor in Entity bean?
-#### Q. What is difference between sorted collection and ordered collection, which one is better?
-#### Q. What are the collection types in Hibernate?
-#### Q. How to implement Joins in Hibernate?
-#### Q. Why we should not make Entity Class final?
-#### Q. What is the benefit of native sql query support in hibernate?
-#### Q. What is Named SQL Query? What are the benefits of Named SQL Query?
-#### Q. How to log hibernate generated sql queries in log files?
-#### Q. What is cascading and what are different types of cascading?
-#### Q. How to integrate log4j logging in hibernate application?
-#### Q. What is HibernateTemplate class?
-#### Q. How to integrate Hibernate with Servlet or Struts2 web applications?
-#### Q. Which design patterns are used in Hibernate framework?
-#### Q. What is Hibernate Validator Framework?
-#### Q. What is the benefit of Hibernate Tools Eclipse plugin?
-#### Q. What are the technologies that are supported by Hibernate?
-#### Q. What is your understanding of Hibernate proxy?
-#### Q. Can you explain Hibernate callback interfaces?
-#### Q. How to create database applications in Java with the use of Hibernate?
-#### Q. Can you share your views on mapping description files?
-#### Q. What are your thoughts on file mapping in Hibernate?
-#### Q. Can you explain version field?
-#### Q. What are your views on the function addClass?
-#### Q. Can you explain the role of addDirectory() and addjar() methods?
-#### Q. What do you understand by Hibernate tuning?
-#### Q. What is your understanding of Light Object Mapping?
-#### Q. How does Hibernate create the database connection?
-#### Q. What are possible ways to configure object-table mapping?
-#### Q. Which annotation is used to declare a class as a hibernate bean?
-#### Q. How do I specify table name linked to an entity using annotation?
-#### Q. How does a variable in an entity connect to the database column?
-#### Q. How do we specify a different column name for the variables mapping?
-#### Q. How do we specify a variable to be primary key for the table?
-#### Q. How do you configure the dialect in hibernate.cfg.xml?
-#### Q. How to configure the database URL and credentials in hibernate.cfg.xml?
-#### Q. How to configure the connection pool size?
-#### Q. How do you configure folder scan for Hibernate beans?
-#### Q. How to configure hibernate beans without Spring framework?
-#### Q. Is it possible to connect multiple database in a single Java application using Hibernate?
-#### Q. Does Hibernate support polymorphism?
-#### Q. How many Hibernate sessions exist at any point of time in an application?
-#### Q. What is N+1 SELECT problem in Hibernate? What are some strategies to solve the N+1 SELECT problem in Hibernate?
-#### Q. What is the requirement for a Java object to become a Hibernate entity object?
-#### Q. How do you log SQL queries issued by the Hibernate framework in Java application?
-#### Q. What is the difference between the transient, persistent and detached state in Hibernate?
-#### Q. How properties of a class are mapped to the columns of a database table in Hibernate?
-#### Q. What is the usage of Configuration Interface in hibernate?
-#### Q. How can we use new custom interfaces to enhance functionality of built-in interfaces of hibernate?
-#### Q. What are POJOs and what is their significance?
-#### Q. How can we invoke stored procedures in hibernate?
-#### Q. What are the benefits of using Hibernate template?
-#### Q. How can we get hibernate statistics?
-#### Q. How can we reduce database write action times in Hibernate?
-#### Q. When an instance goes in detached state in hibernate?
-#### Q. What the four ORM levels are in hibernate?
-#### Q. What is the default cache service of hibernate?
-#### Q. What are the two mapping associations used in hibernate?
-#### Q. What is the usage of Hibernate QBC API?
-#### Q. In how many ways, objects can be fetched from database in hibernate?
-#### Q. How primary key is created by using hibernate?
-#### Q. How can we reattach any detached objects in Hibernate?
-#### Q. What are different ways to disable hibernate second level cache?
-#### Q. What is ORM metadata?
-#### Q. Which one is the default transaction factory in hibernate?
-#### Q. What is the role of JMX in hibernate?
-#### Q. In how many ways objects can be identified in Hibernate?
-#### Q. What different fetching strategies are of hibernate?
-#### Q. How mapping of java objects is done with database tables?
-#### Q. What are derived properties in hibernate?
-#### Q. What is the use of version property in hibernate?
-#### Q. What is attribute oriented programming?
-#### Q. What is the use of session.lock() in hibernate?
-#### Q. What the three inheritance models are of hibernate?
-#### Q. What is general hibernate flow using RDBMS?
-#### Q. What is difference between managed associations and hibernate associations?
-#### Q. What are the inheritance mapping strategies?
-#### Q. What is automatic dirty checking in hibernate?
-#### Q. Explain Hibernate configuration file and Hibernate mapping file?
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
From 4bee9b1fe10aa4f1527382d2e4960c784b3e5775 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pradeep Kumar From 07749452d1cde85b79d18b3dcccb902bec13af7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pradeep Kumar
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. What are the design patterns available in Java?
-
-Java Design Patterns are divided into three categories – creational, structural, and behavioral design patterns.
-
-**1. Creational Design Patterns**
-
-* Singleton Pattern
-* Factory Pattern
-* Abstract Factory Pattern
-* Builder Pattern
-* Prototype Pattern
-
-**2. Structural Design Patterns**
-
-* Adapter Pattern
-* Composite Pattern
-* Proxy Pattern
-* Flyweight Pattern
-* Facade Pattern
-* Bridge Pattern
-* Decorator Pattern
-
-**3. Behavioral Design Patterns**
-
-* Template Method Pattern
-* Mediator Pattern
-* Chain of Responsibility Pattern
-* Observer Pattern
-* Strategy Pattern
-* Command Pattern
-* State Pattern
-* Visitor Pattern
-* Interpreter Pattern
-* Iterator Pattern
-* Memento Pattern
-
-**4. Miscellaneous Design Patterns**
-
-* DAO Design Pattern
-* Dependency Injection Pattern
-* MVC Pattern
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Explain Singleton Design Pattern in Java?
-
-**1. Eager initialization:**
-In eager initialization, the instance of Singleton Class is created at the time of class loading.
-
-Example:
-```java
-public class EagerInitializedSingleton {
-
- private static final EagerInitializedSingleton instance = new EagerInitializedSingleton();
-
- // private constructor to avoid client applications to use constructor
- private EagerInitializedSingleton(){}
-
- public static EagerInitializedSingleton getInstance(){
- return instance;
- }
-}
-```
-
-**2. Static block initialization**
-Static block initialization implementation is similar to eager initialization, except that instance of class is created in the static block that provides option for exception handling.
-
-Example:
-```java
-public class StaticBlockSingleton {
-
- private static StaticBlockSingleton instance;
-
- private StaticBlockSingleton (){}
-
- // static block initialization for exception handling
- static{
- try{
- instance = new StaticBlockSingleton ();
- }catch(Exception e){
- throw new RuntimeException("Exception occured in creating Singleton instance");
- }
- }
-
- public static StaticBlockSingleton getInstance(){
- return instance;
- }
-}
-```
-
-**3. Lazy Initialization**
-Lazy initialization method to implement Singleton pattern creates the instance in the global access method.
-
-Example:
-```java
-public class LazyInitializedSingleton {
-
- private static LazyInitializedSingleton instance;
-
- private LazyInitializedSingleton(){}
-
- public static LazyInitializedSingleton getInstance(){
- if(instance == null){
- instance = new LazyInitializedSingleton ();
- }
- return instance;
- }
-}
-```
-
-**4. Thread Safe Singleton**
-The easier way to create a thread-safe singleton class is to make the global access method synchronized, so that only one thread can execute this method at a time.
-
-Example:
-```java
-public class ThreadSafeSingleton {
-
- private static ThreadSafeSingleton instance;
-
- private ThreadSafeSingleton(){}
-
- public static synchronized ThreadSafeSingleton getInstance(){
- if(instance == null){
- instance = new ThreadSafeSingleton();
- }
- return instance;
- }
-}
-```
-
-**5. Bill Pugh Singleton Implementation**
-Prior to Java5, memory model had a lot of issues and above methods caused failure in certain scenarios in multithreaded environment. So, Bill Pugh suggested a concept of inner static classes to use for singleton.
-
-Example:
-```java
-public class BillPughSingleton {
-
- private BillPughSingleton(){}
-
- private static class SingletonHelper{
- private static final BillPughSingleton INSTANCE = new BillPughSingleton();
- }
-
- public static BillPughSingleton getInstance(){
- return SingletonHelper.INSTANCE;
- }
-}
-```
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Explain Adapter Design Pattern in Java?
-
-Adapter design pattern is one of the structural design pattern and its used so that two unrelated interfaces can work together. The object that joins these unrelated interface is called an Adapter.
-
-Example:
-
-we have two incompatible interfaces: **MediaPlayer** and **MediaPackage**. MP3 class is an implementation of the MediaPlayer interface and we have VLC and MP4 as implementations of the MediaPackage interface. We want to use MediaPackage implementations as MediaPlayer instances. So, we need to create an adapter to help to work with two incompatible classes.
-
-MediaPlayer.java
-```java
-public interface MediaPlayer {
- void play(String filename);
-}
-```
-
-MediaPackage.java
-```java
-public interface MediaPackage {
- void playFile(String filename);
-}
-```
-
-MP3.java
-```java
-public class MP3 implements MediaPlayer {
- @Override
- public void play(String filename) {
- System.out.println("Playing MP3 File " + filename);
- }
-}
-```
-
-MP4.java
-```java
-public class MP4 implements MediaPackage {
- @Override
- public void playFile(String filename) {
- System.out.println("Playing MP4 File " + filename);
- }
-}
-```
-
-VLC.java
-```java
-public class VLC implements MediaPackage {
- @Override
- public void playFile(String filename) {
- System.out.println("Playing VLC File " + filename);
- }
-}
-```
-
-FormatAdapter.java
-```java
-public class FormatAdapter implements MediaPlayer {
- private MediaPackage media;
- public FormatAdapter(MediaPackage m) {
- media = m;
- }
- @Override
- public void play(String filename) {
- System.out.print("Using Adapter --> ");
- media.playFile(filename);
- }
-}
-```
-
-Main.java
-```java
-public class Main {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- MediaPlayer player = new MP3();
- player.play("file.mp3");
- player = new FormatAdapter(new MP4());
- player.play("file.mp4");
- player = new FormatAdapter(new VLC());
- player.play("file.avi");
- }
-}
-```
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Explain Factory Design Pattern in Java?
-
-A Factory Pattern or Factory Method Pattern says that just define an interface or abstract class for creating an object but let the subclasses decide which class to instantiate. In other words, subclasses are responsible to create the instance of the class.
-
-Example: Calculate Electricity Bill
-Plan.java
-
-```java
-import java.io.*;
-abstract class Plan {
- protected double rate;
- abstract void getRate();
-
- public void calculateBill(int units){
- System.out.println(units*rate);
- }
-}
-```
-
-DomesticPlan.java
-```java
-class DomesticPlan extends Plan{
- @override
- public void getRate(){
- rate=3.50;
- }
-}
-```
-
-CommercialPlan.java
-```java
-class CommercialPlan extends Plan{
- @override
- public void getRate(){
- rate=7.50;
- }
-}
-```
-
-InstitutionalPlan.java
-```java
-class InstitutionalPlan extends Plan{
- @override
- public void getRate(){
- rate=5.50;
- }
-}
-```
-
-GetPlanFactory.java
-```java
-class GetPlanFactory {
-
- // use getPlan method to get object of type Plan
- public Plan getPlan(String planType){
- if(planType == null){
- return null;
- }
- if(planType.equalsIgnoreCase("DOMESTICPLAN")) {
- return new DomesticPlan();
- }
- else if(planType.equalsIgnoreCase("COMMERCIALPLAN")){
- return new CommercialPlan();
- }
- else if(planType.equalsIgnoreCase("INSTITUTIONALPLAN")) {
- return new InstitutionalPlan();
- }
- return null;
- }
-}
-```
-
-GenerateBill.java
-```java
-import java.io.*;
-class GenerateBill {
-
- public static void main(String args[])throws IOException {
- GetPlanFactory planFactory = new GetPlanFactory();
-
- System.out.print("Enter the name of plan for which the bill will be generated: ");
- BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
-
- String planName=br.readLine();
- System.out.print("Enter the number of units for bill will be calculated: ");
- int units=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
-
- Plan p = planFactory.getPlan(planName);
- // call getRate() method and calculateBill()method of DomesticPaln.
-
- System.out.print("Bill amount for "+planName+" of "+units+" units is: ");
- p.getRate();
- p.calculateBill(units);
- }
-}
-```
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-## Q. Explain Strategy Design Pattern in Java?
-
-Strategy design pattern is one of the behavioral design pattern. Strategy pattern is used when we have multiple algorithm for a specific task and client decides the actual implementation to be used at runtime.
-
-Example: Simple Shopping Cart where we have two payment strategies – using Credit Card or using PayPal.
-
-PaymentStrategy.java
-```java
-public interface PaymentStrategy {
- public void pay(int amount);
-}
-```
-
-CreditCardStrategy.java
-```java
-public class CreditCardStrategy implements PaymentStrategy {
-
- private String name;
- private String cardNumber;
- private String cvv;
- private String dateOfExpiry;
-
- public CreditCardStrategy(String nm, String ccNum, String cvv, String expiryDate){
- this.name=nm;
- this.cardNumber=ccNum;
- this.cvv=cvv;
- this.dateOfExpiry=expiryDate;
- }
- @Override
- public void pay(int amount) {
- System.out.println(amount +" paid with credit/debit card");
- }
-}
-```
-
-PaypalStrategy.java
-```java
-public class PaypalStrategy implements PaymentStrategy {
-
- private String emailId;
- private String password;
-
- public PaypalStrategy(String email, String pwd){
- this.emailId=email;
- this.password=pwd;
- }
- @Override
- public void pay(int amount) {
- System.out.println(amount + " paid using Paypal.");
- }
-}
-```
-
-Item.java
-```java
-public class Item {
-
- private String upcCode;
- private int price;
-
- public Item(String upc, int cost){
- this.upcCode=upc;
- this.price=cost;
- }
- public String getUpcCode() {
- return upcCode;
- }
- public int getPrice() {
- return price;
- }
-}
-```
-
-ShoppingCart.java
-```java
-import java.text.DecimalFormat;
-import java.util.ArrayList;
-import java.util.List;
-
-public class ShoppingCart {
-
- List
- ↥ back to top
-
-
-#### Q. When do you use Flyweight pattern?
-#### Q. What is difference between dependency injection and factory design pattern?
-#### Q. Difference between Adapter and Decorator pattern?
-#### Q. Difference between Adapter and Proxy Pattern?
-#### Q. What is Template method pattern?
-#### Q. When do you use Visitor design pattern?
-#### Q. When do you use Composite design pattern?
-#### Q. Difference between Abstract factory and Prototype design pattern?
-
-
- ↥ back to top
-
From 525b7a49da0e08d0cdf13c9def6945bafe3671ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pradeep Kumar From 31677ab81afaf4403cb9193c0dcecb6bc3f63a83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Pradeep Kumar
- ↥ back to top
-
-
## Q. What is difference between Error and Exception?
@@ -2247,29 +2239,39 @@ Since String is immutable, its hashcode is cached at the time of creation and it
## Q. Explain about Exception Propagation?
An exception is first thrown from the top of the stack and if it is not caught, it drops down the call stack to the previous method, If not caught there, the exception again drops down to the previous method, and so on until they are caught or until they reach the very bottom of the call stack. This is called exception propagation.
+
+**Example:**
+
```java
+/**
+ * Exception Propagation
+ */
class TestExceptionPropagation {
- void m() {
- int data = 50/0;
- }
- void n() {
- m();
- }
- void p() {
- try {
- n();
- } catch(Exception e) {
- System.out.println("exception handled");
- }
- }
- public static void main(String args[]) {
- TestExceptionPropagation obj = new TestExceptionPropagation();
- obj.p();
- System.out.println("Normal Flow...");
- }
-}
+ void method1() {
+ int data = 10 / 0; // generates an exception
+ System.out.println(data);
+ }
+
+ void method2() {
+ method1(); // doesn't catch the exception
+ }
+
+ void method3() { // method3 catches the exception
+ try {
+ method2();
+ } catch (Exception e) {
+ System.out.println("Exception is caught");
+ }
+ }
+
+ public static void main(String args[]) {
+ TestExceptionPropagation obj = new TestExceptionPropagation();
+ obj.method3();
+ }
+}
```
+
From 5d46b29e6a3b1adaaf227f9e4ee71a49481e96c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pradeep Kumar System.gc() and Runtime.gc() which is used to send request of Garbage collection to JVM but it\'s not guaranteed that garbage collection will happen. If there is no memory space for creating a new object in Heap Java Virtual Machine throws OutOfMemoryError or java.lang.OutOfMemoryError heap space
+There are methods like `System.gc()` and `Runtime.gc()` which is used to send request of Garbage collection to JVM but it\'s not guaranteed that garbage collection will happen. If there is no memory space for creating a new object in Heap Java Virtual Machine throws `OutOfMemoryError` or `java.lang.OutOfMemoryError` heap space
↥ back to top
@@ -2555,9 +2553,9 @@ There are methods like
Date: Thu, 22 Sep 2022 17:07:33 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 079/104] Update README.md
---
README.md | 152 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------------
1 file changed, 73 insertions(+), 79 deletions(-)
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 8cb57b0..f4ce663 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -2598,89 +2598,83 @@ Serialization is a mechanism of converting the state of an object into a byte st
```java
/**
-* Serialization and Deserialization
-* example of a Java object
-*
-**/
-import java.io.*;
-
-class Employee implements Serializable {
-private static final long serialversionUID =
- 129348938L;
- transient int a;
- static int b;
- String name;
- int age;
-
- // Default constructor
- public Employee(String name, int age, int a, int b) {
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.a = a;
- this.b = b;
+* Serialization and Deserialization
+*/
+import java.io.*;
+
+class Employee implements Serializable {
+ private static final long serialversionUID = 129348938L;
+ transient int a;
+ static int b;
+ String name;
+ int age;
+
+ // Default constructor
+ public Employee(String name, int age, int a, int b) {
+ this.name = name;
+ this.age = age;
+ this.a = a;
+ this.b = b;
}
-}
-
-public class SerialExample {
+}
+
+public class SerialExample {
+
+ public static void printdata(Employee object1) {
+ System.out.println("name = " + object1.name);
+ System.out.println("age = " + object1.age);
+ System.out.println("a = " + object1.a);
+ System.out.println("b = " + object1.b);
+ }
+
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ Employee object = new Employee("ab", 20, 2, 1000);
+ String filename = "file.txt";
+
+ // Serialization
+ try {
+ // Saving of object in a file
+ FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(filename);
+ ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(file);
+
+ // Method for serialization of object
+ out.writeObject(object);
+
+ out.close();
+ file.close();
- public static void printdata(Employee object1) {
- System.out.println("name = " + object1.name);
- System.out.println("age = " + object1.age);
- System.out.println("a = " + object1.a);
- System.out.println("b = " + object1.b);
- }
-
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Employee object = new Employee("ab", 20, 2, 1000);
- String filename = "shubham.txt";
-
- // Serialization
- try {
- // Saving of object in a file
- FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(filename);
- ObjectOutputStream out = new ObjectOutputStream(file);
-
- // Method for serialization of object
- out.writeObject(object);
-
- out.close();
- file.close();
-
System.out.println("Object has been serialized\n"
- + "Data before Deserialization.");
- printdata(object);
- // value of static variable changed
- object.b = 2000;
- }
- catch (IOException ex) {
- System.out.println("IOException is caught");
- }
-
- object = null;
-
- // Deserialization
- try {
- // Reading the object from a file
- FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(filename);
- ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(file);
-
- // Method for deserialization of object
- object = (Employee)in.readObject();
-
- in.close();
- file.close();
+ + "Data before Deserialization.");
+ printdata(object);
+ // value of static variable changed
+ object.b = 2000;
+ } catch (IOException ex) {
+ System.out.println("IOException is caught");
+ }
+
+ object = null;
+
+ // Deserialization
+ try {
+ // Reading the object from a file
+ FileInputStream file = new FileInputStream(filename);
+ ObjectInputStream in = new ObjectInputStream(file);
+
+ // Method for deserialization of object
+ object = (Employee) in.readObject();
+
+ in.close();
+ file.close();
System.out.println("Object has been deserialized\n"
- + "Data after Deserialization.");
- printdata(object);
- System.out.println("z = " + object1.z);
- }
- catch (IOException ex) {
- System.out.println("IOException is caught");
- }
- catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
- System.out.println("ClassNotFoundException is caught");
- }
- }
+ + "Data after Deserialization.");
+ printdata(object);
+ System.out.println("z = " + object1.z);
+ } catch (IOException ex) {
+ System.out.println("IOException is caught");
+ } catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
+ System.out.println("ClassNotFoundException is caught");
+ }
+ }
}
```
From baf2493d0b031aeade8c2e0611457e3c403d4d0d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pradeep Kumar
Date: Fri, 23 Sep 2022 15:48:26 +0530
Subject: [PATCH 080/104] Collections Interview Questions
---
assets/collection.png | Bin 140922 -> 53894 bytes
collections-questions.md | 160 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------------
2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-)
diff --git a/assets/collection.png b/assets/collection.png
index 73617230014004ec39f490d8fde07be5b2fbb40d..663721d128a0fea437f3a3c72d51385deb836cc4 100644
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System.gc() and Runtime.gc() wh
## Q. How to create marker interface?
-An interface with no methods is known as marker or tagged interface. It provides some useful information to JVM/compiler so that JVM/compiler performs some special operations on it. It is used for better readability of code. Example: **Serializable, Clonnable** etc.
+An interface with no methods is known as marker or tagged interface. It provides some useful information to JVM/compiler so that JVM/compiler performs some special operations on it. It is used for better readability of code. For example Serializable, Clonnable etc.
-Syntax:
+**Syntax:**
```java
public interface Interface_Name {
@@ -2569,24 +2567,25 @@ public interface Interface_Name {
```java
/**
-* Java program to illustrate Maker Interface
-*
-**/
-interface Marker { }
+ * Maker Interface
+ */
+interface Marker {
+}
-class A implements Marker {
- //do some task
+class MakerExample implements Marker {
+ // do some task
}
class Main {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- A obj = new A();
- if (obj instanceOf Marker){
- // do some task
- }
- }
+ public static void main(String[] args) {
+ MakerExample obj = new MakerExample();
+ if (obj instanceOf Marker) {
+ // do some task
+ }
+ }
}
```
+
From 09b8e72d5cc3343da99c8c5ab6137089cbc39873 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Pradeep Kumar