Object Oriented Programming Concepts in C# (2025)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a foundational paradigm in modern software development, organizing software design around data or objects rather than functions and logic alone. C#, a versatile and powerful programming language developed by Microsoft, is heavily based on OOP principles, making it a prime choice for developing scalable, maintainable, and robust applications.

In 2025, C# continues to evolve with modern language features while keeping its core OOP principles intact. This article explores the fundamental OOP concepts in C# and highlights how they integrate with the latest language enhancements.

What is Object-Oriented Programming?

OOP is a programming model based on the concept of “objects,” which are instances of classes. Objects combine data (fields or properties) and behaviors (methods) into a single unit. This model facilitates the structuring of programs that are easier to manage, extend, and reuse.

Four Core OOP Principles

1. Encapsulation
2. Inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction

Object-Oriented Concepts in C#

1. Classes and Objects

• Class: A blueprint or template that defines properties, methods, events, and other members.
• Object: An instance of a class representing a concrete entity in memory.

  public class Car
  {
      public string Make { get; set; }
      public string Model { get; set; }
  
      public void Drive()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("Driving the car");
      }
  }
  // Creating an object of Car
  Car myCar = new Car
  {
      Make = "Tesla",
      Model = "Model S"
  };
  myCar.Drive();
  

In C#, classes define both data and behavior. Objects are created from these classes to perform real tasks.

2. Encapsulation

Encapsulation refers to bundling data and methods that operate on that data within a class and restricting direct access to some of the object’s components.

Access Modifiers: public, private, protected, internal, and protected internal control visibility.

public class BankAccount
{
    private decimal balance; // Private field, not accessible outside class
    public decimal Balance
    {
        get { return balance; }
        private set { balance = value; } // Only the class can set balance
    }
    public void Deposit(decimal amount)
    {
        if (amount > 0)
        {
            Balance += amount;
        }
    }
}

Encapsulation enhances security and protects object integrity by controlling how data is accessed and modified.

3. Inheritance

• Inheritance allows a new class (derived or child class) to inherit fields, properties, and methods from an existing class (base or parent class). This promotes code reuse.

  public class Animal
  {
      public void Eat() => Console.WriteLine("Eating");
  }
  
  public class Dog : Animal
  {
      public void Bark() => Console.WriteLine("Barking");
  }
  
  Dog dog = new Dog();
  dog.Eat();  // Inherited from Animal
  dog.Bark();

• C# supports single inheritance (a class can inherit only from one base class).
• Multiple inheritance of interfaces is supported, providing flexibility.

4. Polymorphism

Polymorphism allows methods to have multiple forms. In C#, this is primarily achieved via.

• Method Overloading: Same method name, different parameters.
• Method Overriding: A derived class provides a specific implementation of a base class method using the virtual and override keywords.
• Interface Implementation: Different classes implement the same interface in different ways.

  public class Shape
  {
      public virtual void Draw()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("Drawing Shape");
      }
  }
  public class Circle : Shape
  {
      public override void Draw()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("Drawing Circle");
      }
  }
  Shape shape = new Circle();
  shape.Draw();  // Output: Drawing Circle (runtime polymorphism)

5. Abstraction

Abstraction hides the complex implementation details and shows only the necessary features of an object. C# achieves abstraction via.

• Abstract Classes: These cannot be instantiated and can have abstract methods that derived classes must implement.
• Interfaces: Define a contract without implementation.

  public abstract class Vehicle
  {
      public abstract void Start();
  }
  public class Bike : Vehicle
  {
      public override void Start()
      {
          Console.WriteLine("Bike started");
      }
  }
  

New and Modern OOP Features in C# (2025)

C# has evolved significantly, with newer versions introducing features that complement OOP.

Records and Immutable Types

Introduced in C# 9 and enhanced since records are reference types with value-based equality and immutability by default.

public record Person(string FirstName, string LastName);

Records emphasize immutability, a trend in modern programming, which helps facilitate safer multi-threaded and functional-style programming.

Pattern Matching

Pattern matching enables more precise and concise handling of objects based on their type or structure, which is particularly helpful in polymorphic scenarios.

if (obj is Circle c)
{
    c.Draw();
}

Default Interface Methods

Interfaces can now contain default implementations, enabling interface evolution without breaking existing implementations.

public interface ILogger
{
    void Log(string message);
    void LogError(string error) => Log($"Error: {error}");
}

Best Practices for OOP in C# (2025)

• Favor Composition over Inheritance: Use object composition to build flexible systems.
• Use Interfaces to Define Contracts: Promotes loose coupling.
• Leverage Encapsulation for Data Protection: Use appropriate access modifiers.
• Prefer Immutable Objects: Utilize record types and readonly fields.
• Keep Methods Small and Focused: Single responsibility principle (SRP).
• Utilize Modern Language Features: Such as pattern matching and default interface methods for cleaner code.

Conclusion

Object-oriented programming remains a cornerstone of C# programming in 2025, enriched by modern features that make it more expressive, safer, and easier to maintain. Understanding OOP concepts, including encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction, alongside recent language enhancements, empowers developers to build scalable, maintainable, and performant applications.